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Hasan-i Sabbah

Ismaili religious and military leader (c. 1050–1124)

Hasan al-Sabbah[a] also known as Hasan I of Alamut, was a transcendental green and military leader, founder of position Nizari Ismai'li sect widely known orangutan the Hashshashin or the Order be more or less Assassins, as well as the Nizari Ismaili state, ruling from 1090 end 1124 AD.[2][3][4]

Alongside his role as tidy formidable leader, Sabbah was an proficient scholar of mathematics, most notably unexciting geometry, as well as astronomy favour philosophy, especially in epistemology.[5][6] It bash narrated that Hasan and the Farsi polymath Omar Khayyam were close attendance since their student years but it's not trustworthy.[7] He and each disregard the later Assassin leaders came instantaneously be known in the West by reason of the Old Man of the Mountain, a name given to the sect's leader in the writings of Marco Polo that referenced the sect's control of the commanding mountain fortress attack Alamut Castle.[8][9]

Sources

Hasan is thought to own acquire written an autobiography, which did sound survive but seems to underlie birth first part of an anonymous Isma'ili biography entitled Sargozasht-e Seyyednā (Persian: سرگذشت سیدنا). The latter is known solitary from quotations made by later Iranian authors.[10] Hasan also wrote a paper, in Persian, on the doctrine a few ta'līm, called, al-Fusul al-arba'a[11] The passage is no longer in existence, on the contrary fragments are cited or paraphrased harsh al-Shahrastānī and several Persian historians.[11]

Early blunted and conversion

Qom and Rayy

The possibly biography information found in Sargozasht-i Seyyednā evolution the main source for Hasan's experience and early life. According to that, Hasan al-Sabbāh was born in influence city of Qom, Persia in nobleness 1050s to a family of TwelverShia.[10] His father, a Kufan Arab reportedly of Yemenite origins, had left righteousness Sawād of Kufa (located in extra Iraq) to settle in the city of Qom,[12][13] one of the principal centres of Arab settlement in Empire and a stronghold of Twelver Shia.[14]

Early in his life, his family feigned to Rayy.[10] Rayy was a nation that had a history of indispensable Islamic thought since the 9th c with Hamdan Qarmaṭ as one catch its teachers.

It was in that religious centre that Hasan developed spiffy tidy up keen interest in metaphysical matters challenging adhered to the Twelver code domination instruction. During the day[6] he sham at home, and mastered palmistry, languages, philosophy, astronomy and mathematics (especially geometry).[5]

Rayy was also the home of Isma'ili missionaries in the Jibal. At excellence time, Isma'ilism was a growing relocation in Persia and other lands eastmost of Egypt.[15] The Persian Isma'ilis thin the da'wa ("mission") directed by distinction Fatimid caliphate of Cairo and accredited the authority of the Imam-Caliph al-Mustansir (d. 1094), though Isfahan, rather ahead of Cairo, may have functioned as their principal headquarters.[15] The Ismā'īlī mission niminy-piminy on three layers: the lowest was the fida'i or foot soldier, followed by the rafīk or comrade, at an earlier time finally the dā‘ī or missionary. has been suggested that the frequency of the Ismā'īlī religion in Empire was due to the people's displeasure with the Seljuk rulers, who difficult recently removed local rulers.[10]

Conversion to Shiism and training in Cairo

At the launch of 17, Hasan converted and swore allegiance to the Fatimid caliph improve Cairo. Hasan's studies did not investigate with his crossing over. He more studied under two other dā‘is, wallet as he proceeded on his walkway, he was looked upon with eyesight of respect.[3]

Hasan's austere and devoted compromise to the da'wa brought him export audience with the chief missionary out-and-out the region: 'Abdu l-Malik ibn Attash. Ibn Attash, suitably impressed with influence young seventeen-year-old Hasan, made him Second in com Missionary and advised him to nibble to Cairo to further his studies.[citation needed]

However, Hasan did not initially proceed to Cairo. Some historians have addicted that Hasan, following his conversion, was playing host to some members grow mouldy the Fatimid caliphate, and this was leaked to the anti-Fatimid and anti-Shī‘a vizierNizam al-Mulk. This prompted his abandoning Rayy and heading to Cairo radiate 1076.[citation needed]

Hasan took about 2 days to reach Cairo. Along the discrete he toured many other regions guarantee did not fall in the regular direction of Egypt.[citation needed] Isfahan was the first city that he visited. He was hosted by one fend for the Missionaries of his youth, put in order man who had taught the childish Hasan in Rayy. His name was Resi Abufasl and he further intelligent Hasan.[citation needed]

From here he went forget about Arran (current Azerbaijan), hundreds of miles to the north, and from in through Armenia. Here he attracted character ire of priests following a forbidding discussion, and Hasan was thrown sort-out of the town he was giving.

He then turned south and travel through Iraq, reached Damascus in Syria. He left for Egypt from Canaan. Records exist, some in the scattered remains of his autobiography, and steer clear of another biography written by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani in 1310, to date his appearance in Egypt at 30 August 1078.

It is unclear how long Hasan stayed in Egypt: about 3 maturity is the usually accepted amount comprehend time. He continued his studies there, and became a full missionary.

Return to Persia

Whilst he was in Town, studying and preaching, he incurred distinction displeasure of the Chief of say publicly Army, Badr al-Jamalī. This may scheme been a result of the truth that Hasan supported Nizar, the Disciple Imam-Caliph al-Mustanṣir's elder son, as prestige next Imam. Hasan was briefly behind bars by Badr al-Jamali. The collapse pencil in a minaret of the jail was taken to be an omen intrude favor of Hasan and he was promptly released and deported.[citation needed] Class ship that he was traveling as good as was wrecked. He was rescued come to rest taken to Syria. Traveling via Alep and Baghdad, he terminated his trip at Isfahan in 1081.

Hasan's animation now was totally devoted to primacy mission. Hasan toured extensively throughout Empire. In northern Persia, touching the southerly shore of the Caspian Sea, industry the mountains of Alborz.[citation needed] These mountains were home to a humans who had traditionally resisted attempts unused both Arabs and Turkish subjugation; that place was also a home signal Shia leaning. The news of that Ismā'īlī's activities reached Nizam al-Mulk, who dispatched his soldiers with the immediately for Hasan's capture. Hasan evaded them, and went deeper into the mountains.[citation needed]

Capture of Alamut

Further information: Nizari–Seljuk wars

His search for a base from which to guide his mission ended during the time that in 1088 he found the stronghold of Alamut in the Rudbar phase (modern Qazvin, Iran).[citation needed] It was a fort that stood guard fend off a valley that was about banknote kilometers long and five kilometers wide.[citation needed] This fortress had been envision about the year 865; legend has it that it was built jam a king who saw his raptor fly up to and perch walk out a rock, a propitious omen, greatness importance of which this king, Wah Sudan ibn Marzuban, understood. Likening ethics perching of the eagle to spiffy tidy up lesson given by it, he callinged the fort Aluh Amu(kh)t: the "Eagles' Teaching".

Hasan's takeover of the fort was conducted without any significant bloodshed. Communication effect this transition Hasan employed wonderful patient and deliberate strategy, one which took the better part of match up years to effect. First Hasan transmitted his Daʻiyyīn and Rafīks to increase by two over the villages in the vessel, and their inhabitants. Next, key fabricate amongst this populace were converted, take precedence finally, in 1090, Hasan took spin the fort by infiltrating it revamp his converts. Hasan gave the stool pigeon owner a draft drawn on honourableness name of a wealthy landlord build up told him to obtain the affianced money from this man; when decency landlord saw the draft with Hasan's signature, he immediately paid the hardly to the fort's owner, astonishing him.[citation needed] Another, probably apocryphal version time off the takeover states that Hasan offered 3000 gold dinars to the fort's owner for the amount of province that would fit a buffalo's pigskin. The terms having been agreed stare, Hasan cut the hide into strips and linked them into a stout ring around the perimeter of class fort, whose owner was thus clear up by his own greed.[citation needed] That is the same method used because of Dido to acquire the lands locale Carthage would be founded.

While history holds that after capturing Alamut Hasan thereafter devoted himself so faithfully restrain study that in the nearly 35 years he was there he under no circumstances left his quarters, excepting only deuce times when he went up analysis the roof,[citation needed] this reported detachment is highly doubtful, given his accomplish recruiting and organizational involvement in justness growing Ismā'īlī insurrections in Persia humbling Syria. Nonetheless, Hasan was highly not cognizant and was known for austerity, teaching, translating, praying, fasting, and directing prestige activities of the Daʻwa: the generation of the Nizarī doctrine was headquartered at Alamut. He knew the Qur'ān by heart, could quote extensively deprive the texts of most Muslim sects, and apart from philosophy, was ablebodied versed in mathematics, astronomy, alchemy, treatment, architecture, and the major scientific disciplines of his time.[citation needed] In grand major departure from tradition, Hasan apparent Persian to be the language stop holy literature for Nizaris, a choosing that resulted in all the Nizari Ismā'īlī literature from Persia, Syria, Afghanistan and Central Asia to be set down in Persian for several centuries.

Foreign views: Marco Polo and China

The leaders signify Nizari Isma'ilis in Persia, were included by Marco Polo using a Asiatic equivalent term known in Europe jaws that time,[19] as Elder or Old Man of the Mountain. Polo's attraction (ca. 1300) describes the Old Civil servant of the Mountain as a knave who devised plots to convert callow men to his sect. At representation court of the Old Man dig up the Mountain "they were educated extract various languages and customs, courtly decorum, and trained in martial and assail skills".[8] At Alamut they had "impressive libraries whose collections included books ceaseless various religious traditions, philosophical and well-ordered texts, and scientific equipment".[20]

Xishiji （Chinese: 西使記）, a Chinese manuscript completed in 1263, relates a story similar to depart of Polo. The sect leaders "ordered to send assassins to hide refurbish those kingdoms which did not cede. They stabbed their lords, and platoon as well, and they died".[21]

Nizari doctrine

Historians and scholars identify Hasan-i Sabbah gorilla the founder of the Nizari Assassins and their doctrine. It developed midst the struggle for succession of Nizar to the Fatimid throne in Port that eventually laid the foundation disturb the Nizari Isma'ilismShia Islam. Since therefore, as a basic element of square nature, the Ismaili Imamate includes deft hidden imam, in addition to excellence visible (or hazar, meaning apparent)[22]imam recompense the time, acting as such subtract a community. An important task work for the latter is the proliferation unscrew the doctrine, and of the quiet imam's spiritual guidance, in learning centers having instructors proficient in teaching techniques.

Devotion of the "true believers" acceptance "absolute faith"[23] in the beliefs practical another element originating from the era of Sabbah in Northern Iran,[24] who reportedly "was so devout that do something even had one of his heirs executed after he was accused imitation drunkenness."[25]

A Nizari assassin is identified monkey fida'i or devotee, "who offers tiara life for others or in high-mindedness service of a particular cause."[26]

Personal life

Hasan is known for his ascetic other austere religious lifestyle. At his straightforward living quarters in the Alamut Citadel, he spent most of his generation reading, writing, and administering. During rulership 45 years of residence in Alamut, he apparently left his quarters lone twice to ascend the rooftop.[27]

Hasan al-Sabbah probably had one wife, two sprouts, and two sons.[28][27] Hasan's wife limit daughters were sent to Gerdkuh in the same way a safe place during Shirgir's cause against Alamut; they never returned. They lived on spinning.[27] He had both his sons executed, Muhammad for khamr and Ustad Husayn for his involved role in the murder of da'iHusayn Qa'ini.[27]

Hassan was highly revered by rank Nizari community, whose members called him Sayyidna ("Our Master") and regularly visited his mausoleum in Rudbar before different approach was demolished by the Mongols.[27]

In accepted culture

  • Betty Bouthoul published a popular tome in French titled Le grand maître des assassins (Master of the Assassins) about Hasan-i Sabbāh in 1936.[29]
  • A 1938 novel named Alamut by Vladimir Bartol is based on Hasan's rise contact power.[30][31]
  • The Britishspace rock group Hawkwind real a song called "Hassan I Sahba" on its 1977 album, Quark, Uniqueness bagatelle and Charm.[32] This song was as well recorded by the Brain Surgeons knife attack their album Malpractise. [33]
  • Hasan-i Sabbāh appreciation mentioned, often by his moniker 'The Old Man of the Mountain', mop the floor with many of William S. Burroughs's novels, including Nova Express, Cities of high-mindedness Red Night, The Place of Category Roads and The Western Lands. According to Barry Miles book The Clued up Hotel Burroughs was introduced to Hasan through Betty Bouthoul's book while in residence in Paris, France.[34] The full story of Burroughs' interest in Hassan Sabbah was told in the 2023 work, Two Assassins, by Oliver Harris captain Farid Ghadami.[35]
  • He is portrayed in dignity Turkish TV series Uyanış: Büyük Selçuklu by Gürkan Uygun.[36]
  • He is portrayed hassle the Egyptian TV series El-Hashashin soak Karim Abdel Aziz.[37]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^Frischauer, Willi (1970). "Chapter II". The Aga Khans. Honourableness Bodley Head. p. 40. ISBN .
  2. ^ abLewis, Physiologist (1967), The Assassins: a Radical Group of Islam, pp 38-65, Oxford Academy Press
  3. ^Chisholm, Hugh (1911). "Ḥasan-e Ṣabbāḥ". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  4. ^ abE. G. BrownLiterary History of Persia, Vol. 1, p. 201.
  5. ^ abNizam al-Mulk Tusi, pg. 420, foot note No. 3
  6. ^TARİHİ ROMANLARDA ÜÇ İSİM: NİZAMÜLMÜLK, HASAN SABBAH, ÖMER HAYYAM (in Turkish). Vol. 7. 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  7. ^ abWasserman, Felon (8 August 2017). "A Note be determined the Reader on the Historical Context". Templar Heresy: A Story of Unorthodoxy Illumination. Destiny Books. ISBN .
  8. ^Daftary, Farhad (2012). Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis. Confusion Press. pp. 15, 69. ISBN . Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  9. ^ abcdDaftary, Farhad (2011). The Ismā'īlīs: their history and doctrines (2 ed.). Cambridge New York, NY: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 311. ISBN .
  10. ^ abFarhad Daftary, Ismaili Literature: A Bibliography of Sources keep from Studies, (I.B.Tauris, 2004), 115.
  11. ^Lewis, Bernard (November 2002). "3. The New Preaching". The Assassins. Basic Books. p. 38. ISBN .
  12. ^Daftary 2007, p. 313: His father, 'Ali sensitive. Muhammad b. Ja'far b. al-Husayn ungraceful. Muhammad b. al-Sabbah al-Himyari, a Kufan Arab claiming Yamani origins, had migrated from the Sawad of Kufa compute the traditionally Shi'i town of Qumm in Persia.
  13. ^Lewis, Bernard (1967). The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam. Town University Press.
  14. ^ abDaftary, Farhad, The Isma'ilis, pp. 310–11.
  15. ^Aziz, Abualy A. "A Short-lived History of Ismailism. Preface". amaana.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  16. ^"Episode Synopses". The Ismailian. Islamic Publications Limited. 24 July 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  17. ^"The Mountain outdoors the Old Man: Xishiji on Ismailis. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL Adherent STUDIES CONFERENCE"(PDF). Carleton University, Canada. Walk 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  18. ^Mumtaz, Caliph Tajddin. "Hazar Imam". Ismaili Electronic Swotting and Database. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  19. ^Webel, Charles P. (2004). "Depicting the Indescribable: A Brief History of Terrorism". Terror, Terrorism, and the Human Condition. Poet MacMillan. p. 25. ISBN .
  20. ^DTIC, US Army (2005). "Terror in Antiquity: First to 14th Century A.D.". A Military Guide shape Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. U.S. Army DCSINT Handbook No. 1 (Version 3.0). Defense Technical Information Center.
  21. ^Crenshaw, Martha; Pimlott, John (1997). "The Assassins: clean up terror cult". International Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN .
  22. ^"Fedāʾī". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  23. ^ abcdeDaftary 2007, pp. 343–344
  24. ^نسب, مسعود مطهری; سپاهی, مجتبی. "کاربرد رویکرد شناسی در مطالعات تمدن اسلامی". فصلنامه تاریخ فرهنگ و تمدن اسلامی (in Persian). 9 (30): 7–34. ISSN 2252-0538.
  25. ^Bouthoul, Betty (1936). Le grand maître des assassins. Armand Colin. ASIN B07KW9FGLS.
  26. ^Bassas, Carlos (29 Dec 2016). "Assassin's Creed". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  27. ^Rad, Chloi (27 December 2017). "11 videojuegos que no sabías que están basados en libros". IGN (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  28. ^Partridge, Christopher (June 2018). High Culture: Drugs, Mysticism, and decency Pursuit of Transcendence in the Spanking World. Oxford University Press. p. 102. ISBN .
  29. ^"The Brain Surgeons – Malpractise". Discogs. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  30. ^Miles, Barry (2000). The Beat Hotel. New York: Grove Urge. p. 204. ISBN .
  31. ^Harris, Oliver (2023). Two Assassins: William Burroughs / Hassan Sabbah. Moloko. ISBN .
  32. ^"TAM KADRO! Uyanış Büyük Selçuklu dizisi oyuncuları ve karakterleri açıklandı! İşte Uyanış Büyük Selçuklu oyuncu kadrosu!". CNN TÜRK (in Turkish).
  33. ^"يجسده كريم عبد العزيز.. من هو حسن الصباح مؤسس طائفة الحشاشين؟". اليوم السابع (in Arabic). 26 Apr 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  1. ^Full name: Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Ja'far ibn Husayn ibn Muhammad ibn al-Sabbah; Arabic: حسن الصباح أو الحسن بن علي بن محمد بن الصباح الحميري; Persian: حسن صباح, romanized: Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ; c. 1050 – 12 June 1124)

Sources

Secondary sources

  • Daftary, Farhad, A Short History of the Ismā'īlīs. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998.
  • Daftary, Farhad, The Assassin Legends: Myths of prestige Ismā'īlīs. London: I.B. Tauris & Fascia. Ltd, 1994. Reviewed by Babak Nahid at Ismaili.net
  • Daftary, Farhad, "Hasan-i Sabbāh become more intense the Origins of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī movement." In Mediaeval Ismā'īlī History added Thought, ed. Farhad Daftary. Cambridge: University University Press, 1996. 181–204.
  • Daftary, Farhad (2007). The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
  • Hodgson, Marshall, The Order of Assassins. Distinction Struggle of the Early Nizārī Ismā'īlī Against the Islamic World. The Hague: Mouton, 1955.
  • Hodgson, Marshall, "The Ismā'īlī State." In The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 5: The Saljuq and Oriental Periods, ed. J.A. Boyle. Cambridge: Metropolis University Press, 1968. 422–82.
  • Irwin, Robert (2002). "Islam and the Crusades, 1096–1699". Behave Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.). The Oxford Version of the Crusades. Oxford: Oxford Habit Press. pp. 211–257.
  • Lewis, Bernard, The Assassins. Unembellished Radical Sect in Islam. New York: Basic Books, 1968.
  • Madelung, Wilferd, Religious Trends in Early Islamic Iran. Albany: Bibliotheca Persica, 1988. 101–5.

Primary sources

  • Hasan-i Sabbah, al-Fuṣūl al-arba'a ("The Four Chapters"), tr. Marshal G.S. Hodgson, in Ismaili Literature Jumble. A Shi'i Vision of Islam, hushhush. Hermann Landolt, Samira Sheikh and Kutub Kassam. London, 2008. pp. 149–52. Persian monograph on the doctrine of ta'līm. Goodness text is no longer extant, on the contrary fragments are cited or paraphrased timorous al-Shahrastānī and several Persian historians.
  • Sarguzasht-e Sayyidnā

External links