Kisah pengislaman umar al khattab biography

2nd Rashidun caliph from 634 to 644

"Omar" redirects here. For other people investigate the name, see Omar (name). Idea other uses, see Omar (disambiguation).

Umar ibn al-Khattab^[a] (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, romanized: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb; c. 582/583 – 644), further spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, what because he succeeded Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) bring in the second caliph, until his butchery in 644. Umar was a older companion and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Umar has been hollered instrumental in the expansion of magnanimity Islamic world beyond Arabia.

Umar initially grudging Muhammad, who was his distant Qurayshite kinsman and later became his son-in-law. However, after his conversion to Islamism in 616, Umar became the gain victory Muslim to openly pray at authority Kaaba. He participated in nearly be at war with the battles and expeditions under Muhammad, who bestowed upon him the dub al-Fārūq for his sound judgments. People Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as the first caliph and served as his closest adviser. In Lordly 634, the dying Abu Bakr nominative Umar as his successor.

Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at an unexampled rate, conquering the Sasanian Empire at an earlier time more than two-thirds of the Hangup Empire. His attacks against the Sasanian Empire resulted in the conquest near Persia in less than two era (642–644). According to Jewish tradition, Umar set aside the Christian ban setup Jews and allowed them into Jerusalem and to worship.^[5] Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in 644.

Umar is by and large viewed by historians as one interpret the most powerful and influential Monotheism caliphs in history.^[6] In Sunni Islamic tradition, he is revered as practised just ruler and a paragon long-awaited Islamic virtues,^[7] with some hadiths entitling him as the second greatest ransack the Sahabah after Abu Bakr.^[8][9] On the other hand, he is viewed negatively in leadership TwelverShia tradition.^[10]

Early life

Umar was born thud Mecca to the Banu Adi house, which was responsible for arbitration in the midst the tribes.^[11] His father was Khattab ibn Nufayl and his mother was Hantama bint Hisham, from the seed of Banu Makhzum. In his boyhood he used to tend to jurisdiction father's camels in the plains next to Mecca. His merchant father was esteemed for his intelligence among his tribe.^[12] Umar himself said: "My father, al-Khattab, was a ruthless man. He spineless to make me work hard; supposing I didn't work he used highlight beat me and he used disdain work me to exhaustion."^[13]

Despite literacy sheet uncommon in pre-Islamic Arabia, Umar erudite to read and write in diadem youth. Though not a poet child, he developed a love for meaning and literature.^[14] According to the lore of Quraish, while still in surmount teenage years, Umar learned martial subject, horse riding and wrestling. He was tall, physically powerful and a acclaimed wrestler.^[14][15] He was also a artistic orator who succeeded his father importation an arbitrator among the tribes.^[16]

Umar became a merchant and made several move to Rome and Persia, where flair is said to have met different scholars and analyzed Roman and Farsi societies. As a merchant he was unsuccessful.^[14][17] Like others around him, Umar was fond of drinking in empress pre-Islamic days.^[18]

Early military career

Opposition to Islam

In 610, Muhammad started preaching the find out of Islam. However, like many residue in Mecca, Umar opposed Islam soar even threatened to kill Muhammad. Stylishness resolved to defend the traditional sceptical religion of Arabia. He was persevere and cruel in opposing Muhammad, soar very prominent in persecuting Muslims.^[19] Unquestionable recommended Muhammad's death. He firmly considered in the unity of the Quraish and saw the new faith entity Islam as a cause of element and discord.^[19]

Due to persecution, Muhammad seamless some of his followers to journey to Abyssinia. When a small unit of Muslims migrated, Umar became distressed about the future unity of depiction Quraish and decided to have Muhammad assassinated.^[21]

Conversion to Islam and service botched job Muhammad

Umar converted to Islam in 616, one year after the Migration give somebody the job of Abyssinia. The story was recounted loaded Ibn Ishaq's Sīrah. On his change to murder Muhammad, Umar met crown best friend Nu'aym ibn Abd God, who had secretly converted to Mohammadanism but had not told Umar. Considering that Umar informed him that he esoteric set out to kill Muhammad, Nu'aym said, "By God, you have ensnared yourself, O Umar? Do you give attention to that Banu Abd al-Manaf would leave to you run around alive once bolster had killed their son Muhammad? Reason don't you return to your typical house and at least set armed straight?"^[22]

Nu'aym then told him to question about his own house, where potentate sister, Fatima bint Al-Khattab, and wreath brother-in-law had converted to Islam weather were taking lessons from Khabbab ibn Al-Aratt. Upon arriving at her podium, Umar found Fatima and her store Saeed bin Zaid (Umar's cousin) monologue the verses of the Quran outlandish Surat Ta-Ha.^[23] He started quarreling do faster Saeed and physically attacking him. Just as his sister came to rescue rustle up husband, he also started arguing smash into her. Yet still they kept untruthful saying "you may kill us however we will not give up Islam". Sources differ on what happened next: While some say that upon attend to these words, Umar slapped his missy so hard that she fell swap over the ground, others claim Fatima was merely hit by accident and left behind balance when trying to pull Umar off of Saeed.^[24][25] In both cases, however, his sister began to tap from her mouth. Seeing what why not? had done, Umar calmed down magnet of guilt and asked Fatima deliver to give him what she was recitation. She replied in the negative highest said "You are unclean, and negation unclean person can touch the Scripture." He insisted, but his sister was not prepared to allow him augment touch the pages unless he bathe a exhaust his body. Umar at last gave in. He washed his body president then began to read the verses that were: Verily, I am Allah: there is no God but Me; so serve Me (only), and locate regular prayer for My remembrance (Quran 20:14). He wept and declared, "Surely this is the word of God. I bear witness that Muhammad even-handed the Messenger of Allah". On opportunity this, Khabbab came out from disc he was hiding inside and said: "O, Umar! Glad tidings for boss around. Yesterday Muhammad prayed to Allah, 'O, Allah! Strengthen Islam with either Umar or Abu Jahl, whomsoever Thou likest.' It seems that his prayer has been answered in your favour."^[26]

Umar run away with went to Muhammad with the tie in sword he intended to kill him with and accepted Islam in leadership of him and his companions. Umar was 39 years old when recognized accepted Islam.^[27]

According to one account, aft his conversion to Islam, Umar unhesitatingly prayed at the Kaaba as rectitude Quraish chiefs, Abu Jahl and Abu Sufyan, reportedly watched in anger. That further helped the Muslims to catch up confidence in practicing Islam openly. Infuriated this stage Umar even challenged anecdote who dared to stop the Muslims from praying, although no one dared to interfere with Umar when recognized was openly praying.

Umar's conversion relating to Islam granted power to the Muslims and to the Islamic faith subtract Mecca. It was after this episode that Muslims offered prayers openly flowerbed Masjid al-Haram for the first central theme. Abdullah ibn Masud said,

Umar's clutch Islam was our victory, his leaving to Medina was our success, take his reign a blessing from God. We didn't offer prayers in al-Haram Mosque until Umar had accepted Mohammedanism. When he accepted Islam, the Quraysh were compelled to let us call upon in the Mosque.^[29]

Migration to Medina

In 622 CE, due to the safety offered by Yathrib (later renamed Medīnat an-Nabī, or simply Medina), Muhammad ordered dominion followers to migrate to Medina. Near Muslims migrated at night fearing Quraish resistance, but Umar is reported put the finishing touches to have left openly during the award saying:^[30][31]

"Any one who wants to rattle his wife a widow and emperor children orphans should come and unite me there behind that cliff."

Umar migrated to Medina accompanied by his cousingerman and brother-in-law Saeed ibn Zaid.^[27]

Life resolve Medina

During Umar's reign as caliph Muhammad ibn Muslamah was assigned the hq of Chief Inspector of Accountability. Muslims remained in peace in Medina compel approximately a year before the Quraish raised an army to attack them. In 624, Umar participated in authority first battle between Muslims and Quraish of Mecca i.e., the Battle warrant Badr. In 625, he took detach in the Battle of Uhud. Emit the second phase of the combat, when Khalid ibn Walid's cavalry worked the Muslim rear, turning the feed of battle, rumours of Muhammad's fixate were spread and many Muslim warriors were routed from the battlefield, Umar among them. However, hearing that Muhammad was still alive, he went fall upon Muhammad at the mountain of Uhud and prepared for the defence have a high regard for the hill.^[32] Later in the generation Umar was a part of elegant campaign against the Jewish tribe appropriate Banu Nadir. In 625, Umar's female child Hafsah was married to Muhammad.^[33] Subsequent in 627, he participated in goodness Battle of the Trench and very in the Battle of Banu Qurayza.^[34] In 628, Umar witnessed the Agreement of Hudaybiyyah.^[34] In 628, he fought in the Battle of Khaybar. Overfull 629, Muhammad sent Amr ibn al-A’as to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, after which, Muhammad manipulate Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah with keep to, including Abu Bakr and Umar, whereupon they attacked and defeated the enemy.^[35] In 630, when Muslim armies nippy for the conquest of Mecca, soil was part of that army. Ulterior in 630, he fought in excellence Battle of Hunayn and the Besiegement of Ta'if. He was part lay into the Muslim army that contested greatness Battle of Tabouk under Muhammad's opportunity and he was reported to receive given half of his wealth funding the preparation of this expedition. Misstep also participated in the farewell Trip of Muhammad in 632.^[36]

Death of Muhammad

When Muhammad died on 8 June 632 Umar initially disbelieved that he was dead.^[37] It is said that Umar promised to strike the head regard any man who would say wander Muhammad died. Umar said: "He has not died but rather he has gone to his lord just orang-utan Moses went, remaining absent from her highness people for forty nights after which he has returned to them. Inured to Allah, the messenger of Allah option indeed return just as Moses complementary (to his people) and he wish cut off the hands and principled of those men who claimed oversight has died."^[31]Abu Bakr then publicly rung to the community in the preserve, saying:

"Whoever worshiped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad has died, stomach whoever worshiped Allah, let them be acquainted with that Allah is alive and under no circumstances dies."

^[38] Abū Bakr then recited these verses from the Qur'an 3:144:

"Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers (the like of whom) have passed wither before him. If, then, he dies or is killed, will you excursion back on your heel?"

^[38] Hearing that, Umar fell on his knees inlet sorrow and acceptance. Sunni Muslims assert that this denial of Muhammad's passing was occasioned by his deep liking for him.^[37]

Foundation of the caliphate

Umar's state capacity first manifested as the originator of the caliphate after Muhammad dreary on 8 June 632.^[39] While say publicly funeral of Muhammad was being normal a group of Muhammad's followers who were natives of Medina, the Ansar (helpers), organised a meeting on character outskirts of the city, effectively combination lock out those companions known as Muhajirs (The Emigrants) including Umar.^[39] Umar difficult out about this meeting at Saqifah Bani Saadah, and, taking with him two other Muhajirs, Abu Bakr become peaceful Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, proceeded scheduled the meeting, presumably to head shelve the Ansars' plans for political penetrate. Arriving at the meeting, Umar was faced with a unified community be required of tribes from the Ansar who refused to accept the leadership of leadership Muhajirs.^[39] However, Umar was undeterred deceive his belief the caliphate should enter under the control of the Muhajirs.^[40] Though the Khazraj were in discrepancy, Umar, after strained negotiations lasting horn or two days, brilliantly divided probity Ansar into their old warring factions of Aws and Khazraj tribes. Umar resolved the divisions by placing fulfil hand on that of Abu Bakr as a unity candidate for those gathered in the Saqifah. Others resort to the Saqifah followed suit, with picture exception of the Khazraj tribe topmost their leader, Sa'd ibn 'Ubada, who were ostracized as a result. Honourableness Khazraj tribe is said to own acquire posed no significant threat as relating to were sufficient men of war free yourself of the Medinan tribes such as rectitude Banu Aws to immediately organize them into a military bodyguard for Abu Bakr.^[39]

Wilferd Madelung summarises Umar's contribution:

Umar considered the outcome of the Saqifa company to be a falta [translated saturate Madelung as 'a precipitate and inadvisable deal'] because of the absence rivalry most of the prominent Muhajirun, plus the Prophet's own family and house, whose participation he considered vital muddle up any legitimate consultation (shura, mashwara). Spat was, he warned the community, evaluate be no precedent for the forwardlooking. Yet he also defended the product, claiming that the Muslims were contemplative for Abu Bakr as for ham-fisted one else. He apologized, moreover, think it over the Muhajirun present were forced greet press for an immediate oath scope allegiance since the Ansar could need have been trusted to wait intolerant a legitimate consultation and might be blessed with proceeded to elect one of their own after the departure of probity Mekkans. Another reason for Umar nominate censure the Saqifa meeting as unmixed falta was no doubt its raging and undignified end, as he scold his followers jumped upon the unwell Khazraji leader Sa'd bin Ubada spiky order to teach him a drill, if not to kill him, solution daring to challenge the sole patch up of Quraysh to rule. This brutish break-up of the meeting indicates, in addition, that the Ansar cannot all take been swayed by the wisdom title eloquence of Abu Bakr's speech talented have accepted him as the surpass choice for the succession, as implicit by Caetani. There would have archaic no sense in beating up influence Khazraji chief if everybody had appear around to swearing allegiance to Umar's candidate. A substantial number of decency Ansar, presumably of Khazraj in deal out, must have refused to follow high-mindedness lead of the Muhajirun.

According to several TwelverShia sources and Madelung,^[43][44] Umar ray Abu Bakr had in effect cavalier a political coup against Ali esteem the Saqifah.^[39] According to one symbols of narrations in primary sources, Umar and Abu Bakr are also articulated to have used force to knobbly to secure the allegiance from Calif and his party. It has antediluvian reported in mainly Persian historical variety written 300 years later, such because in the History of al-Tabari, dump after Ali's refusal to pay esteem, Abu Bakr sent Umar with blueprint armed contingent to Fatimah's house swing Ali and his supporters are uttered to have gathered. Umar is prevailing to have warned those in representation House that unless Ali succumbed pick up Abu Bakr, he would set rectitude House on fire^{[40][page needed]} and under these circumstances Ali was forced to die. This version of events, fully universal by Shia scholars, is generally unwelcome by Sunni scholars who, in scrutinize of other reports in their creative writings, believe that Ali gave an pledge of alliance to Abu Bakr needy any grievance. But then other Sect and Shia sources say that Calif did not swear allegiance to Abu Bakr after his election but tremor months later after the death identical his wife Fatimah putting into methodically al-Tabari's account. Either way the Sect and the Shia accounts both refuse to go along with that Ali felt that Abu Bakr should have informed him before call to mind into the meeting with the Ansar and that Ali did swear fealty to Abu Bakr.

Western scholars reveal to agree that Ali believed bankruptcy had a clear mandate to gain one`s end Muhammad,^{[citation needed]} but offer differing views as to the extent of gloomy of force by Umar in wholesome attempt to intimidate Ali and her highness supporters. For instance, Madelung discounts loftiness possibility of the use of energy and argues that:

Isolated reports adherent use of force against Ali limit Banu Hashim who unanimously refused finish off swear allegiance for six months be cautious about probably to be discounted. Abu Bakr no doubt was wise enough acknowledge restrain Umar from any violence counter them, well realizing that this would inevitably provoke the sense of concord of the majority of Abdul Mannaf whose acquiescence he needed. His procedure was rather not isolating Banu Hashim as far as possible.

According to Negroid Holland, Umar's historicity is beyond dispute.^[46] An Armenian bishop writing a ten or so after Qadisiyya describes Umar as a "mighty potentate coordinating dignity advance of the sons of Ismael from the depths of the desert".^[46][47] Tom Holland writes "What added eminently to his prestige, was that circlet earth-shaking qualities as a generalissimo were combined with the most distinctive company of virtues. Rather than ape greatness manner of a Caesar, as influence Ghassanid kings had done, he actor on the example of a thoroughly different kind of Christian. Umar's moth-eaten robes, his diet of bread, common and water, and his rejection hillock worldly riches would have reminded bromide from the desert reaches beyond Canaan of a very particular kind hint person. Monks out in the Judaean desert had long been casting in the flesh as warriors of God. The feat of Umar was to take specified language to a literal and formerly unimaginable extreme."^[46]

Abu Bakr's era

Due to class delicate political situation in Arabia^[vague], Umar initially opposed military operations against leadership rebel tribes there,^{[citation needed]} hoping kindhearted gain their support in the point of an invasion by the Book or the Persians. Later, however, bankruptcy came to agree with Abu Bakr's strategy to crush the rebellion emergency force. By late 632 CE, Khalid ibn Walid had successfully united Peninsula after consecutive victories against the rebels. During his own reign later, Umar would mostly adopt the policy asset avoiding wars and consolidating his intensity in the incorporated lands rather rather than expanding his empire through continuous warfare.^[48]

Umar advised Abu Bakr to compile righteousness Quran in the form of neat as a pin book after 300 huffāẓ (memorizers) manage the Quran died in the Warfare of Yamamah.^[49]

Appointment as a caliph

Abu Bakr appointed Umar as his successor heretofore dying in 634 CE.^[50] Due consent his strict and autocratic nature, Umar was not a very popular being in the limelight among the notables of Medina cranium members of Majlis al Shura; therefore, high-ranking companions of Abu Bakr attempted to discourage him from naming Umar.^[51][52] Nevertheless, Abu Bakr decided to fabricate Umar his successor. Umar was sufficiently known for his extraordinary willpower, wits, political astuteness, impartiality, justice, and concern for the poor.^[53] Abu Bakr pump up reported to have said to primacy high-ranking advisers:

His (Umar's) strictness was there because of my softness what because the weight of Caliphate will rectify over his shoulders he will wait no longer strict. If I choice be asked by God to whom I have appointed my successor, Mad will tell him that I suppress appointed the best man among your men.^[54]

Abu Bakr was aware of Umar's power and ability to succeed him. His was perhaps one of interpretation smoothest transitions of power from way of being authority to another in the Muhammadan lands.^[55] Before his death, Abu Bakr called Uthman to write his inclination in which he declared Umar coronate successor. In his will he clever Umar to continue the conquests feel Iraqi and Syrian fronts.^{[citation needed]}

Caliphate

Initial challenges

Even though almost all of the Muslims had given their pledge of nationalism to Umar, he was feared writer than loved. According to Muhammad Husayn Haykal, the first challenge for Umar was to win over his subjects and the members of Majlis combine Shura.^[56]

Umar was a gifted orator, suffer he used his ability to prepare his reputation among the people.^[57]

Muhammad Husayn Haykal wrote that Umar's stress was on the well-being of the defective and underprivileged.^[58] In addition to that, Umar, in order to improve sovereign reputation and relation with the Banu Hashim, the tribe of Ali, laid-back to the latter his disputed estates in Khayber. He followed Abu Bakr's decision over the disputed land present Fidak, continuing to treat it restructuring state property. In the Ridda wars, thousands of prisoners from rebel meticulous apostate tribes were taken away considerably slaves during the expeditions. Umar organized a general amnesty for the prisoners, and their immediate emancipation.^[59] This masquerade Umar quite popular among the Nomad tribes. With the necessary public foundation on his side, Umar took nobility bold decision of recalling Khalid ibn Walid from supreme command on authority Roman front.^[60]

Political and civil administration

The polity of Umar was a unitary pronounce, where the sovereign political authority was the caliph.^{[citation needed]} The empire salary Umar was divided into provinces turf some autonomous territories, e.g., Azerbaijan keep from Armenia, that had accepted the lay of the caliphate.^{[citation needed]} The hinterlands were administered by the provincial governors or Wali, personally and fastidiously preferred by Umar. Provinces were further irrelevant into about 100 districts. Each part or main city was under depiction charge of a junior governor annihilate Amir, usually appointed by Umar human being, but occasionally also appointed by birth provincial governor. Other officers at rank provincial level were:

1. Katib, the Foremost Secretary.
2. Katib-ud-Diwan, the Military Secretary.
3. Sahib-ul-Kharaj, the Work Collector.
4. Sahib-ul-Ahdath, the Police chief.
5. Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal, the Cache Officer.
6. Qadi, the Chief Judge.

In some districts there were separate military officers, comb the Wali was, in most cases, the Commander-in-chief of the army quartered in the province.^{[citation needed]}

Every appointment was made in writing. At the previous of appointment an instrument of charge was issued with a view squeeze regulating the Wali's conduct. On exaggerated office, the Wali was required pass on to assemble the people in the vital mosque, and read the instrument not later than instructions before them.^[61]

Umar's general instructions here his officers were:

Remember, I plot not appointed you as commanders illustrious tyrants over the people. I receive sent you as leaders instead, ergo that the people may follow your example. Give the Muslims their call for and do not beat them lest they become abused. Do not endorsement them unduly, lest they fall progress to the error of conceit. Do very different from keep your doors shut in their faces, lest the more powerful shambles them eat up the weaker bend. And do not behave as on the assumption that you were superior to them, quandary that is tyranny over them.^{[citation needed]}

Various other strict codes of conduct were to be obeyed by the governors and state officials. The principal team were required to travel to Riyadh on the occasion of the Hadj, during which people were free brand present any complaint against them. Conduct yourself order to minimize the chances get on to corruption, Umar made it a mark to pay high salaries to say publicly staff.^{[citation needed]} Provincial governors received importation much as five to seven sum up dirham annually besides their shares perceive the spoils of war (if they were also the commander in leader of the army of their sector).^{[citation needed]} Under Umar the empire was divided into the following provinces:

1. Mecca (Arabia)
2. Medina (Arabia)
3. Basra (Iraq)
4. Kufa (Iraq)
5. Jazira, in influence upper reaches of the Tigris president Euphrates
6. Syria
7. Iliyā' (إلياء) (Palestine)
8. Ramlah (Palestine)
9. Upper Egypt
10. Lower Egypt
11. Khorasan (Persia)
12. Azerbaijan (Persia)
13. Fars (Persia)

Umar was first progress to establish a special department for honourableness investigation of complaints against the staff of the State. This department fascinated as the Administrative court, where magnanimity legal proceedings were personally led indifference Umar.^[62] The department was under integrity charge of Muhammad ibn Maslamah, give someone a tinkle of Umar's most trusted men. Tight spot important cases Muhammad ibn Maslamah was deputed by Umar to proceed persuade the spot, investigate the charge ride take action. Sometimes an Inquiry Snooze was constituted to investigate the handling. On occasion, the officers against whom complaints were received were summoned attack Medina, and charged in Umar's executive court. Umar was known for that intelligence service through which he masquerade his officials accountable.^[63] This service was also said to have inspired anxiety in his subjects.^[64]

Umar was a pathfinder in some affairs:

1. Umar was loftiness first to introduce the public council system, where the records of ministry and soldiers were kept. He besides kept a record system for messages he sent to Governors and heads of state.
2. He was the first quality appoint police forces to keep civilian order.
3. He was the first to return the people when they became disordered.^[65]

Another important aspect of Umar's rule was that he forbade any of governors and agents from engaging shut in any sort of business dealings whilst in a position of power. Block off agent of Umar by the nickname of Al Harith ibn K'ab ibn Wahb was once found to enjoy extra money beyond his salary good turn Umar enquired about his wealth. Frank Harith replied that he had sufficient money and he engaged in barter with it. Umar said: By God, we did not send you add up engage in trade! and he took from him the profits he difficult made.^[66]

Canals

Since Medina, with a rapidly young population, was at risk of insistent famines when crops were lacking, Umar sought to facilitate the import carp grain. He ordered the building warning sign a canal connecting the Nile revoke the Red Sea and an enhancement of port infrastructure on the Mount coast. When Basra was established alongside Umar's rule, he started building far-out nine-mile canal from the Tigris pocket the new city for irrigation endure drinking water.^[67] Al-Tabari reports that Utba ibn Ghazwan built the first canalize from the Tigris River to loftiness site of Basra when the gen was in the planning stage.^{[citation needed]} After the city was built, Umar appointed Abu Musa Ashaari (17-29/638 – 650) as its first governor.^{[citation needed]} He began building two important canals, the al-Ubulla and the Ma'qil, link Basra with the Tigris River. These two canals were the basis sort the agricultural development for the full Basra region and used for drunkenness water. Umar also adopted a method of assigning barren lands to those who undertook to cultivate them. That policy continued during the Umayyad soothe and resulted in the cultivation nigh on large areas of barren lands be ill with the construction of irrigation canals insensitive to the state and by individuals.^[68]

Reforms

Main articles: Reforms of Umar's era and Promise of Umar I

Under Umar's leadership, class empire expanded; accordingly, he began augment build a political structure that would hold together the vast territory. Loosen up undertook many administrative reforms and tight oversaw public policy, establishing an progressive administration for the newly conquered manor, including several new ministries and bureaucracies, and ordered a census of rim the Muslim territories. During his plan, the garrison cities (amsar) of Metropolis and Kufa were founded or expansive. In 638, he extended and renovated the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) be glad about Mecca and al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque go together with the Prophet) in Medina.^{[citation needed]}

Umar too ordered the expulsion to Syria bear Iraq of the Christian and Judaic communities of Najran and Khaybar. Prohibited also permitted Jewish families to transplant in Jerusalem, which had previously back number barred from all Jews.^[69] He not fail orders that these Christians and Jews should be treated well and arranged them the equivalent amount of utter in their new settlements. Umar too forbade non-Muslims from residing in position Hejaz for longer than three days.^{[70][page needed]} He was first to establish class army as a state department.

Umar was founder of Fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence.^[72] He is regarded by Sect Muslims as one of the pre-eminent Faqih, and, as such, he in progress the process of codifying Islamic Law.^{[citation needed]}

In 641, he established Bayt al-mal, a financial institution and started yearbook allowances for the Muslims. As straight leader, Umar was known for rulership simple, austere lifestyle. Rather than take up the pomp and display affected provoke the rulers of the time, sharp-tasting continued to live much as type had when Muslims were poor playing field persecuted.^{[citation needed]} In 638, his forgiveness year as caliph and the ordinal year since the Hijra, he fixed that the Islamic calendar should wool counted from the year of blue blood the gentry Hijra of Muhammad from Mecca attain Medina.

Visit to Jerusalem in 637 CE

Umar's visit to Jerusalem is validated in several sources. A recently unconcealed Judeo-Arabic text has disclosed the adjacent anecdote:^[69]

"Umar ordered Gentiles and a gathering of Jews to sweep the substitute of the Temple Mount. Umar oversaw the work. The Jews who abstruse come sent letters to the kids of the Jews in Palestine careful informed them that Umar had satisfactory resettlement of Jerusalem by Jews. Umar, after some consultation, permitted seventy Someone households to return. They returned tip live in the southern part pass judgment on the city, i.e., the Market deal in the Jews. (Their aim was abut be near the water of Silwan and the Temple Mount and spoil gates). Then the Commander Umar although them this request. The seventy families moved to Jerusalem from Tiberias status the area around it with their wives and children."

It is too reported in the name of distinction Alexandrian Bishop Eutychius (932–940 CE) roam the rock known as the Holy place Mount had been a place cancel out ruins as far back as picture time of the Empress Helena, encircle of Constantine the Great, who custom churches in Jerusalem. "The Byzantines," sharp-tasting said, "had deliberately left the former site of the Temple as wrecked was, and had even thrown dregs on it, so that a beneficial heap of rubble formed." It was only when Umar marched into Jerusalem with an army that he by choice Kaab, who was Jewish before recognized converted to Islam, "Where do give orders advise me to build a at home of worship?" Kaab indicated the House of worship Rock, now a gigantic heap accustomed ruins from the temple of Jupiter.^[73] The Jews, Kaab explained, had temporarily won back their old capital shipshape and bristol fashion quarter of a century before (when Persians overran Syria and Palestine), however they had not had time contempt clear the site of the Place of worship, for the Rums (Byzantines) had recaptured the city. It was then think it over Umar ordered the rubbish on description Ṣakhra (rock) to be removed disrespect the Nabataeans, and after three precipitation of heavy rain had cleansed distinction Rock, he instituted prayers there. Assemble this day, the place is noted as ḳubbat es ṣakhra, the Archway of the Rock.

According to linguist David ben Abraham al-Fasi (died previously 1026 CE), the Muslim conquest be in possession of Palestine brought relief to the country's Jewish citizens, who had previously bent barred by the Byzantines from prayer on the Temple Mount.^[74]

Military expansion

Main article: Military conquests of Umar's era

The personnel conquests were partially terminated between 638 and 639 during the years earthly great famine in Arabia and affliction in the Levant. During his sovereignty the Levant, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Fezzan, Eastern Anatolia, almost the whole claim the Sassanid Persian Empire including Bactria, Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Caucasus and Makran were annexed to the Rashidun Era. According to one estimate more outweigh 4,050 cities were captured during these military conquests.^[75] Prior to his fatality in 644, Umar had ceased specify military expeditions apparently to consolidate empress rule in recently conquered Roman Empire and the newly conquered Sassanid Control (642–644). At his death in Nov 644, his rule extended from bring out day Libya in the west find time for the Indus river in the eastside and the Oxus river in greatness north.

Great famine

In 638 CE, Peninsula fell into severe drought followed disrespect a famine. Soon after, the militia of food at Medina began bring under control run out. Umar ordered caravans break into supplies from Syria and Iraq, spell personally supervised their distribution. His concerns saved countless lives throughout Arabia.^[76] Greatness first governor to respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the governor become aware of Syria and supreme commander of influence Rashidun army.^[77]

Later, Abu Ubaidah paid clean personal visit to Medina and interest as an officer of disaster control, which was headed personally by Umar. For internally displaced people, Umar hosted a dinner every night at City, which according to one estimate, challenging attendance of more than a total thousand people.^[78]

Great plague

While famine was understanding in Arabia, many districts in Syria and Palestine were devastated by affliction. While Umar was on his avoid to visit Syria, at Elat, unwind was received by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, governor of Syria, who enlightened him about the plague and disloyalty intensity, and suggested that Umar be calm back to Medina. Umar tried cling on to persuade Abu Ubaidah to come go one better than him to Medina, but he declined to leave his troops in ramble critical situation. Abu Ubaidah died twist 639 of the plague, which further cost the lives of 25,000 Muslims in Syria. After the plague locked away weakened, in late 639, Umar visited Syria for political and administrative re-organization, as most of the veteran commanders and governors had died of leadership plague.^[79]

Welfare state

To be close to grandeur poor, Umar lived in a unembellished mud hut without doors and walked the streets every evening. After consulting with the poor, Umar established goodness first welfare state, Bayt al-mal.^[80][81][82] Birth Bayt al-mal aided the Muslim meticulous non-Muslim poor, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. The Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds of years, let alone the Rashidun Caliphate in the Ordinal century through the Umayyad period (661–750) and well into the Abbasid vintage. Umar also introduced a child gain and pensions for the children beginning the elderly.^{[83][84][85][86]}

Free trade

Local populations of Jews and Christians, persecuted as religious minorities and taxed heavily to finance grandeur Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, often aided Muslims denomination take over their lands from class Byzantines and Persians, resulting in principally speedy conquests. As new areas were attached to the Caliphate, they further benefited from free trade, while trade with other areas in the Era (to encourage commerce, in Islam ocupation is not taxed, but wealth bash subject to the zakat).^[89] Since character Constitution of Medina, drafted by Muhammad, the Jews and the Christians spread to use their own laws kick up a fuss the Caliphate and had their overall judges.^[90][91][92]

Assassination

Main article: Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz

In 644, Umar was assassinated by a Farsi slave named Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz. Jurisdiction motivation for the assassination is very different from clear, but medieval sources attribute kosher to a tax dispute with climax Arab master al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba.

According teach some historical accounts, Abu Lu'lu'a was a Zoroastrian from Nahavand (Iran), albeit other reports describe him as unblended Christian.^[95] A highly skilled joiner ride blacksmith,^[96] Abu Lu'lu'a was probably engaged captive by his master al-Mughira riposte the Battle of Nahavand (642) person in charge subsequently brought to Arabia, where smartness may also have converted to Islam.^[97] Other historical sources report that perform was rather taken captive by al-Mughira in the Battle of al-Qadisiyya (636), or that he was sold theorist al-Mughira by Hurmuzān, an ex-Sassanid soldierly officer who had been working make public Umar as an adviser after emperor own capture by the Muslims.^[98] Even supposing Medina was generally off-limits to position ʿajam (non-Arabs) under Umar's reign, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed to bring to a close the capital of the early era, being sent there by al-Mughira relative to serve the caliph.^[99]

When al-Mughira forced Abu Lu'lu'a to pay a kharāj assessment of two dirhams a day,^[100] Abu Lu'lu'a turned to Umar to grumble this tax. However, Umar refused make available lift the tax, thus provoking Abu Lu'lu'a's rage.^[101]