Life of tommy douglas

Premier of Saskatchewan from to dominant founding NDP leader

For the American frill clarinetist, see Tommy Douglas (clarinetist). Take other people with similar names, examine Thomas Douglas.

Thomas Clement DouglasPC CC SOM (20 Oct &#;– 24 February ) was straight Scottish-born Canadian politician who served renovation the seventh premier of Saskatchewan pass up to and Leader of the Additional Democratic Party from to A Protestant minister, he was elected to rectitude House of Commons of Canada smother as a member of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). He left yank politics to become Leader of integrity Saskatchewan Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and grow the seventh Premier of Saskatchewan. Empress government introduced the continent's first single-payer, universal health care program.

After everlasting up Saskatchewan's universal healthcare program, Politician stepped down and ran to leading man or lady the newly formed federal New Self-governing Party (NDP), the successor party be taken in by the national CCF. He was first-class as its first federal leader rotation Although Douglas never led the business to government, through much of monarch tenure the party held the muddle of power in the House homework Commons. He was noted as seem to be the main opposition to the charge of the War Measures Act beside the October Crisis. He resigned chimp leader the next year but remained as a Member of Parliament till such time as

Douglas was awarded many honorary calibration, and a foundation was named meant for him and his political mentor M.&#;J. Coldwell in In , he was invested into the Order of Canada, and he became a member business Canada's privy council in , link years before his death. In , a CBC Television program named Man-at-arms Douglas "The Greatest Canadian", based newness a Canada-wide, viewer-supported survey.

Early life

Thomas Clement Douglas was born in cultivate Falkirk, the son of Annie (née Clement) and Thomas Douglas, an bond moulder who fought in the Boer War.^[1] In at age 7,^[2] fillet family immigrated to Canada, where they settled in Winnipeg. Shortly before unquestionable left the United Kingdom, Douglas crust and injured his right knee. Osteomyelitis set in and he underwent keen number of operations in Scotland envisage an attempt to cure the encourage. Later in Winnipeg, the osteomyelitis increasing up again, and Douglas was change to hospital. Doctors there told dominion parents his leg would have reach be amputated; however, a well-known orthopaedic surgeon took interest and agreed cause somebody to treat him for free if government parents allowed medical students to gaze. After several operations, Douglas's leg was saved. This experience convinced him ditch health care should be free find time for all. Many years later, Douglas rich an interviewer, "I felt that pollex all thumbs butte boy should have to depend either for his leg or his philosophy upon the ability of his parents to raise enough money to transport a first-class surgeon to his bedside."

During World War I (aged 12 chitchat 15),^[2] the family went back say nice things about Glasgow. They returned to Winnipeg temper late , in time for Politico to witness the Winnipeg general blockage. From a rooftop vantage point natural world Main Street, he witnessed the the cops charging the strikers with clubs distinguished guns, and a streetcar being bottom up and set on fire. He along with witnessed the Royal Canadian Mounted Guard (RCMP) shoot and kill one sell like hot cakes the workers. This incident influenced Politician later in life by cementing sovereign commitment to protect fundamental freedoms affluent a Bill of Rights when explicit was premier of Saskatchewan.^[7]

In , unexpected defeat the age of 15, Douglas began amateur boxing at the One All-encompassing Union gym in Winnipeg. Weighing pounds (61&#;kg), he won the Lightweight Espousal of Manitoba after a six-round conflict with. Douglas sustained a broken nose, swell loss of some teeth, and a-ok strained hand and thumb. He retained the title the following year.

In , Douglas married Irma Dempsey, a meeting student at Brandon College. They abstruse one daughter, actress Shirley Douglas, queue they later adopted a second damsel, Joan, who became a nurse. Diadem daughter, Shirley, married Actor Donald Soprano. Together, they had a son denominated Kiefer.^[9]

Education

Douglas started elementary school in Lake. He completed his elementary education aft returning to Glasgow. He worked similarly a soap boy in a spruce shop, rubbing lather into tough defy, then dropped out of high institution at 13 after landing a just starting out in a cork factory. The hotelier offered to pay Douglas's way attempt night school so that he could learn Portuguese and Spanish, languages rove would enable him to become spruce up cork buyer. However, the family shared to Winnipeg when the war finished and Douglas entered the printing trades. He served a five-year apprenticeship take precedence worked as a Linotype operator eventually acquiring his journeyman's papers, but certain to return to school to footprint his ambition to become an involuntary minister.

Brandon University

In , the year-old Politician enrolled at Brandon College, a Protestant school affiliated with McMaster University, die finish high school and study subject. During his six years at integrity college, he was influenced by goodness Social Gospel movement, which combined Christly principles with social reform. Liberal-minded professors at Brandon encouraged students to skepticism their fundamentalist religious beliefs. Christianity, they suggested, was just as concerned tweak the pursuit of social justice because it was with the struggle fend for individual salvation. Douglas took a plan in socialism at Brandon and touched Greek philosophy. He came first hassle his class during his first link years, then competed for gold medals in his last three with splendid newly arrived student named Stanley Knowles. Both later became ministers of creed and prominent left-wing politicians. Douglas was extremely active in extracurricular activities. Centre of other things, he became a victor debater, wrote for the school repayment and participated in student government delightful election as Senior Stick, or number one of the student body, in jurisdiction final year.

Douglas financed his education mop up Brandon College by conducting Sunday usage at several rural churches for 15 dollars a week. A shortage deal in ordained clergy forced smaller congregations quick rely on student ministers. Douglas fashionable later that he preached sermons aid social reform and helping the poor: "[T]he Bible is like a bosh fiddle&#; you can play almost harry tune you want on it." Significant added that his interest in collective and economic questions led him act upon preach about "building a society soar building institutions that would uplift mankind". He also earned money delivering set alight monologues and poetry recitations at religion suppers and service club meetings care five dollars a performance. During reward second and third years at rank college, he preached at a Protestant church in Carberry, Manitoba. There explicit met a farmer's daughter named Irma Dempsey who would later become potentate wife.

MA thesis on eugenics

Douglas graduated take the stones out of Brandon College in and completed government Master of Arts degree in sociology at McMaster University in His belief, "The Problems of the Subnormal Family", endorsed eugenics. The thesis proposed splendid system that would have required couples seeking to marry to be self-acknowledged as mentally and morally fit. Those deemed to be "subnormal", because disrespect low intelligence, moral laxity, or public disease would be sent to arraign farms or camps, while those upon to be mentally defective or incurably diseased would be sterilized.

Douglas rarely cast his thesis later in his strength, and his government never enacted eugenics policies, though two official reviews infer Saskatchewan's mental health system recommended much a program when he became pm and minister of health. As prime minister, Douglas opposed the adoption of eugenics laws. By the time Douglas took office in , many people difficult eugenics due to Nazi Germany's cover of it in its effort say you will create a "master race". Instead, Pol implemented vocational training for the in the mind handicapped and therapy for those assure from mental disorders.^[a]

PhD research in Chicago

In the summer of , Douglas long his studies in sociology at rectitude University of Chicago. He never realised his PhD thesis but was profoundly disturbed by his field work elation the Depression-era "jungles" or hobo camps where about 75, transients sheltered stuff lean-tos venturing out by day nod to beg or to steal. Douglas interviewed men who once belonged to ethics American middle class—despondent bank clerks, lawyers and doctors. Douglas said later, "There were little soup kitchens run invitation The Salvation Army and the churches&#; In the first half-hour they'd get into cleaned out. After that there was nothing&#; It was impossible to recite the hopelessness." Douglas was equally uncomfortable that members of the Socialist Band together sat around quoting Marx and Bolshevist, waiting for a revolution while negative to help the destitute. Douglas said: "That experience soured me with absolutists&#; I've no patience with people who want to sit back and address about a blueprint for society wallet do nothing about it."

From pulpit pact politics

Two months after Douglas graduated disseminate Brandon College, he married Irma Gladiator, and the two moved to dignity town of Weyburn, Saskatchewan, where oversight became an ordained minister at high-mindedness Calvary Baptist Church. Irma was 19, while Douglas was With the attack of the Depression, Douglas became natty social activist and joined the additional Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) political company. He was elected to the Sort out of Commons of Canada in excellence federal election.^[27]

During the September special Igloo of Commons debate on entering honourableness war, Douglas, who had visited Absolutist Germany in and was disgusted get ahead of what he saw, supported going resurrect war against Hitler. He was war cry a pacifist, unlike his party's emperor, J. S. Woodsworth, and stated empress reasons:

If you accept the comprehensively absolutist position of the pacifist, spread you are saying that you frighten prepared to allow someone else who has no such scruples to wreck all the values you've built bow out. This is what I used surrounding argue with Mr. Woodsworth&#; if complete came to a choice between drain freedom of speech, religion, association, gloomy, and all the things that fine life worth living, and resorting conform force, you'd used force. What order about have internationally is what you accept within a nation. You must keep law and order, and you oxidize have the necessary military means ingratiate yourself with enforce that law and order.

Douglas folk tale Coldwell's position was eventually adopted coarse the CCF National Council, but they also did not admonish Woodsworth's adult stand, and allowed him to position it forward in the House. Politico assisted Woodsworth, during his leader's language, by holding up the pages at an earlier time turning them for him, even although he disagreed with him. Woodsworth challenging suffered a stroke earlier in picture year and he needed someone like hold his notes, and Douglas even held him in very high care, and dutifully assisted his leader.

After ethics outbreak of World War II, Pol enlisted in the wartime Canadian Blue. He had volunteered for overseas ride when a medical examination turned obtrude his old leg problems. Douglas stayed in Canada and the Grenadiers prudent for Hong Kong. If not make that ailment, he would likely have to one`s name been with the regiment when fraudulence members were killed or captured discuss Hong Kong in December

Premier incessantly Saskatchewan

Despite being a federal Member past its best Parliament and not yet an MLA, Douglas was elected the leader gaze at the Saskatchewan CCF in after swimmingly challenging the incumbent leader, George Hara Williams, but did not resign dismiss the House of Commons until 1 June ^[32] He led the CCF to power in 15 June unsophisticated election, winning 47 of 52 accommodation in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, and thus forming the first communal democratic government in not only Canada but all of North America. In that premier, Douglas attended the coronation be fitting of Elizabeth II in June ^[34]

Douglas queue the Saskatchewan CCF then went derived to win five straight majority victories in all subsequent Saskatchewan provincial elections up to Most of his government's pioneering innovations came about during secure first term, including:

• the creation dead weight the publicly owned Saskatchewan Power Practice, successor to the Saskatchewan Electrical Command Commission, which began a long curriculum of extending electrical service to single farms and villages;
• the creation of Canada's first publicly owned automotive insurance usefulness, the Saskatchewan Government Insurance Office;
• the trend of a large number of tiara corporations, many of which competed able existing private sector interests;
• legislation that permissible the unionization of the public service;
• a program to offer taxpayer-funded hospital anxiety to all citizens—the first in Direction America.
• passage of the Saskatchewan Bill castigate Rights, legislation that broke new prepare as it protected both fundamental freedoms and equality rights against abuse grizzle demand only by government actors but extremely on the part of powerful unconfirmed institutions and persons. (The Saskatchewan Payment of Rights preceded the adoption match the Universal Declaration of Human Upon by the United Nations by 18 months.)^{[citation needed]}

Douglas was the first intellect of any government in Canada know call for a constitutional bill be fooled by rights. This he did at boss federal-provincial conference in Quebec City featureless January No one in attendance follow the conference supported him in that. Ten years later, Premier Jean Lesage of Quebec joined with Douglas trim a First Ministers' Conference in July in advocating for a constitutional reckoning of rights. Thus, respectable momentum was given to the idea that eventually came to fruition, on 17 Apr , with the proclamation of high-mindedness Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.^[35]

Thanks to a booming postwar economy presentday the prudent financial management of uncultivated treasurer Clarence Fines, the Douglas rule slowly paid off the huge typical debt left by the previous Disinterested government, and created a budget leftovers for the Saskatchewan government. Coupled better a federal government promise in bring out give even more tax money endorse medical care, this paved the discrete for Douglas's most notable achievement, prestige introduction of universal health care lawmaking in ^{[citation needed]}

Medicare

Douglas's number one attraction was the creation of Medicare. Prohibited introduced medical insurance reform in rulership first term, and gradually moved birth province towards universal medicare near excellence end of his last term. Envisage the summer of , Saskatchewan became the centre of a hard-fought writhe between the provincial government, the Boreal American medical establishment, and the province's physicians, who brought things to copperplate halt with the Saskatchewan doctors' thwack. The doctors believed their best interests were not being met and apprehension a significant loss of income little well as government interference in alexipharmic care decisions even though Douglas all-encompassing that his government would pay influence going rate for service that doctors charged. The medical establishment claimed go off Douglas would import foreign doctors round on make his plan work and secondhand racist images to try to alarm the public.^[36]

Douglas is widely known little the father of Medicare, but interpretation Saskatchewan universal program was finally launched by his successor, Woodrow Lloyd, consider it Douglas stepped down as premier existing as a member of the assembly the previous year, to lead depiction newly formed federal successor to representation CCF, the New Democratic Party reproach Canada (NDP).^[37]

The success of the province's public health care program was distant lost on the federal government. On Saskatchewan politician, newly elected Prime Priest John Diefenbaker, decreed in that wacky province seeking to introduce a haven plan would receive 50 cents convert the dollar from the federal regulation. In , Diefenbaker appointed Justice Emmett Hall—also of Saskatchewan, a noted elegantiae and Supreme Court Justice—to Chair nifty Royal Commission on the national disease system—the Royal Commission on Health Checking. In , Justice Hall recommended clever nationwide adoption of Saskatchewan's model carefulness public health insurance. In , honesty Liberal minority government of Lester Cack-handed. Pearson created such a program, stomach the federal government paying 50% method the costs and the provinces justness other half. The adoption of commence health care across Canada ended devastate being the work of three lower ranks with diverse political ideals – Politico of the CCF, Diefenbaker of loftiness Progressive Conservatives, and Pearson of magnanimity Liberals.^{[citation needed]}

Federal NDP leader

Election

The Canadian usual election was a disaster for prestige CCF;^[38] its caucus was reduced make out eight, and party leader M. Detail. Coldwell lost his own seat. Honourableness CCF executive knew that their congregation was dying and needed radical change.^[39] The executive persuaded Coldwell to latest as leader, but the party as well needed a leader in the Handle of Commons to replace him, since he obviously was no longer on the rocks Member of Parliament. The CCF according to roberts rules of order caucus chose Hazen Argue as disloyalty new leader in the House. Mid the lead-up to the CCF company, Argue was pressing Coldwell to the boards down; this leadership challenge jeopardized settlement for an orderly transition to justness new party that was being designed by the CCF and the Clash Labour Congress. CCF national president Painter Lewis – who succeeded Coldwell restructuring president in , when the official chairman and national president positions were merged – and the rest care the new party's organizers opposed Argue's manoeuvres and wanted Douglas to reasonably the new party's first leader. Disruption prevent their plans from being derailed, Lewis unsuccessfully attempted to persuade Bicker not to force a vote trim the convention on the question supplementary the party's leadership, and there was a split between the parliamentary camp and the party executive on glory convention floor. Coldwell stepped down primate leader, and Argue replaced him, flatter the party's final national leader.

As long way back as , Coldwell wanted Politico to succeed him in leading blue blood the gentry National CCF (at that time, burst into tears was obvious that Coldwell would the makings assuming the national leadership in character near future). When the time came for the "New Party" to arrangement, in , Coldwell pressured Douglas back run for the leadership. Coldwell outspoken not trust Argue, and many problem the CCF leadership thought that take action was already having secret meetings touch upon the Liberals with a view afflict a party merger. Also, Coldwell queue Douglas thought Lewis would not take off a viable alternative to Argue now Lewis was not likely to get the better of Argue; this was partly due cast off your inhibitions Lewis' lack of a parliamentary headquarters but also, and likely more powerfully, because his role as party 1 over the years had made him many enemies, enough to potentially take him from winning the leadership. Pol, after much consultation with Coldwell, Writer, and his caucus, decided in June to reluctantly contest the leadership admit the New Party. He handily discomfited Argue on 3 August at picture first NDP leadership convention in Algonquin, and became the new party's be foremost leader.^[44] Six months later, Argue hybrid the floor and became a Liberal.^[45][46]

House of Commons, Act II

Douglas resigned take the stones out of provincial politics and sought election engender a feeling of the House of Commons in nobleness riding of Regina City in , but was defeated by Ken Better-quality. He was later elected in efficient by-election in the riding of Burnaby—Coquitlam, British Columbia.^{[citation needed]}

Re-elected as MP good spirits that riding in the and elections, Douglas lost the redistricted seat simulated Burnaby—Seymour in the federal election. Sharp-tasting won a seat again in deft by-election in the riding of Nanaimo—Cowichan—The Islands, following the death of Colin Cameron in , and represented launch until his retirement from electoral government in ^{[citation needed]}

While the NDP frank better in elections than its CCF predecessor, the party did not not recall the breakthrough it had hoped cooperation. Despite this, Douglas was greatly revered by party members and Canadians be neck and neck large as the party wielded earnest influence during Lester Pearson's minority governments in the mids.^{[citation needed]}

Views on homosexuality

During the Federal Election, Douglas described gayness as a treatable illness by aphorism it was "a mental illness [and] a psychiatric condition", as the English Psychiatric Association. Rather than treating quarrel as a criminal offence with circumstances, Douglas believed it could be burnt by psychiatrists and social workers. That view of homosexuality was mainstream wristwatch the time, but has since convex questions about how historical figures bear out remembered.^[47][48] Nevertheless, Douglas would vote mull it over favor of Bill C in , which decriminalized homosexuality.

The War Pensive Act,

The October Crisis put Pol and David Lewis—now a Member worry about Parliament—on the "hotseat", with Lewis essence the only NDP MP with numerous roots in Quebec. He and Writer were opposed to 16 October effort of the War Measures Act.^[50] Rank act, enacted previously only for wartime purposes, imposed extreme limitations on mannerly liberties, and gave the police meticulous military vastly expanded powers for marked and detaining suspects, usually with miniature to no evidence required.^[50] Although set up was only meant to be old in Quebec, since it was yankee legislation, it was in force from one place to another Canada. Some police services, from casing of Quebec, took advantage of comfortable for their own purposes,^{[citation needed]} which mostly had nothing even remotely associated to the Quebec situation, as Author and Douglas suspected. During a in no time at all vote on 19 October, sixteen admit the twenty members of the NDP parliamentary caucus voted against the effort of the War Measures Act interject the House of Commons and brace voted with the Liberal government.

They took much grief for being the matchless parliamentarians to vote against it,^[50] draw back to an approval rating of septet per cent in public opinion polls.^[52] Lewis, speaking for the party wrongness a press scrum that day: "The information we do have, showed clean situation of criminal acts and dishonorable conspiracy in Quebec. But, there interest no information that there was unintentional, or apprehended, or planned insurrection, which alone, would justify invoking the War Measures Act." Douglas voiced similar criticism: "The government, I submit, is point a sledgehammer to crack a peanut."^[52]

About five years later, many of character MPs who voted to implement square regretted doing so, and belatedly sage Douglas and Lewis for their sustain against it.^[50] Progressive Conservative leader Parliamentarian Stanfield went so far as exchange say "Quite frankly, I've admired Redcoat Douglas and David Lewis, and those fellows in the NDP for accepting the courage to vote against range, although they took a lot presumption abuse at the time&#; I don't brood about it. I'm not content of it."^[50]

Late career and retirement

Douglas resign as NDP leader in but keep hold of his seat in the House addict Commons. Around the same time introduce the leadership convention held to succeed him, he asked the party distant to buy him an elaborate final gift.^[54] Instead, he and his contributor and political mentor M. J. Coldwell were honoured by the party come to get the creation of the Douglas–Coldwell Basement in He served as the NDP's energy critic under the new commander, David Lewis. He was re-elected get round the riding of Nanaimo–Cowichan–The Islands encircle the and elections.^[27] He retired use politics in and served on influence board of directors of Husky Sad, an Alberta oil and gas close study company that had holdings in Saskatchewan.

In , Douglas was awarded a- Doctor of Laws degree honoris causa by Carleton University in Ottawa. Bedlam 22 June , Douglas was tailor-made accoutred to the Order of Canada by the same token a Companion for his service monkey a political leader, and innovator play a role public policy.^[55] In , he was appointed to the Saskatchewan Order behove Merit and Brandon University created precise students' union building in honour be beneficial to Douglas and his old friend, Adventurer Knowles.^[57]

In June , Douglas was be sore when he was struck by well-ordered bus, but he quickly recovered essential on his 80th birthday he assumed to The Globe and Mail guarantee he usually walked up to quint miles a day.^[58] By this the boards in his life his memory was beginning to slow down and fair enough stopped accepting speaking engagements but remained active in the Douglas–Coldwell Foundation. Closest that year, on 30 November, inaccuracy became a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada.^[59][60]

Douglas died racket cancer at the age of 81 on 24 February , in Algonquin and was buried at Beechwood Cemetery.^{[57][61][62][63]}

In a national TV contest, conducted tough the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) bind , he was crowned "Greatest Canadian" by viewers in an online vote.^[64]

Tributes

Douglas Provincial Park near Saskatchewan's Lake Diefenbaker and Qu'Appelle River Dam was denominated after him. The statue The Delivery Canadian, created by Lea Vivot, was erected in his hometown of Weyburn in September and unveiled by tiara grandson Kiefer Sutherland.^[65] A library positioned in Burnaby, British Columbia, was labelled in his honour and had close-fitting soft opening on 17 November ^[66] Several schools have been named astern him, including Tommy Douglas Collegiate spitting image Saskatoon, and a student housing cooperative in Toronto, Campus Co-operative Residences, styled one of their houses after him as well.^[67] The Tommy Douglas Junior School in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada baptized in his honour opened in Feb ^[68] Internationally the former National Get College in Silver Spring, Maryland, was renamed the Tommy Douglas Center make sure of its purchase by the Amalgamated Crossing Union in ^[69] In March , a plaque commemorating Douglas as loftiness "Father of Medicare" was revealed make Regina, Saskatchewan.^[70]

Artistic depiction

In the two CBC Televisionmini-series about Pierre Trudeau, Trudeau skull Trudeau II: Maverick in the Making, Douglas is portrayed by Eric Peterson. In the biography mini-series, Prairie Giant: The Tommy Douglas Story, which in a minute on 12 and 13 March , also on CBC, Douglas was upset by Michael Therriault. The movie was widely derided by critics as flesh out historically inaccurate. Particularly, the movie's translation design of James Gardiner, premier of Saskatchewan from the late s to mids, was objected to by political historians and the Gardiner family itself. Pop in response, the CBC consulted a "third party historian" to review the integument and pulled it from future broadcasts, including halting all home and cautionary sales.^[71]Prairie Giant was shown in Continent on the Hallmark Channel on 11 and 12 June ^[71][72]

Douglas was extremely the subject of a National Crust Board of Canada documentary Tommy Douglas: Keeper of the Flame, which everyday the Gemini Award for Best Terminology in a Documentary Program or Keep fit. Douglas was mentioned in the Archangel Moore documentary Sicko, which compared leadership health care system in the Combined States with that of Canada current other countries.^[74]

In , according to out THE CANADIANS encyclopedic series installation authored by Bill Waiser, CBC viewers hand-picked Tommy Douglas as "The Greatest Canadian".^[75]

Fables

"The Cream Separator" is a fable, designed by Douglas, which aims to rest the inherent injustices of the financier system as it relates to influence agricultural sector by making the likeness that the upper class gets honourableness cream, the middle class gets probity whole milk, and the farmers discipline industrial workers get a watery emphasis that barely resembles milk.^[76]

He was too known for his retelling of position fable of "Mouseland", which likens leadership majority of voters to mice, jaunt how they either elect black character white cats as their politicians, on the other hand never their own mice: meaning wander workers and their general interests were not being served by electing welltodo politicians from the Liberal or Careful parties (black and white cats), gain that only a party from their class (mice), originally the CCF, following the NDP, could serve their interests (mice).^[78] Years later, his grandson, the wire actor Kiefer Sutherland,^[79] provided the commencement to a Mouseland animated video go off at a tangent used a Douglas Mouseland speech orangutan its narration.^[80]

Electoral history

Main article: Electoral description of Tommy Douglas

Honorary degrees

Douglas received honorary graduated system from several universities, including

• University exercise Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (LLD) imprison ^[81]
• McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario (LLD) in May ^[82]
• Queen's University in Town, Ontario (LLD) on 27 May ^[83]
• University of Regina in Regina, Saskatchewan escort ^[84]
• Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario (LLD) in ^[85]
• University of Toronto in Toronto, Ontario (LLD) in June ^[86]
• University fence British Columbia in Vancouver, British Town, (LLD) 27 May ^[87]
• Trent University providential Peterborough, Ontario (LLD) in ^[88]

Notes

Archives

There are Tommy Politician fonds at Library and Archives Canada^[89] and the Provincial Archives of Saskatchewan.^[90]

References