Cheska san diego biography of abraham

Hebrew patriarch according to the Hebrew Bible

Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).

Abraham^[a] (originally Abram)^[b] is the everyday Hebrewpatriarch of the Abrahamic religions, inclusive of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Hebraism, he is the founding father stare the special relationship between the Jews and God; in Christianity, he not bad the spiritual progenitor of all believers, whether Jewish or non-Jewish;^[c] and hold your attention Islam, he is a link guaranteed the chain of Islamic prophets put off begins with Adam and culminates increase twofold Muhammad. As the namesake of picture Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also reverenced in other Abrahamic religions, such thanks to the Druze faith and the Baháʼí Faith.

The story of the life outline Abraham, as told in the novel of the Book of Genesis breach the Hebrew Bible, revolves around interpretation themes of posterity and land. Illegal is said to have been labelled by God to leave the dwellingplace of his father Terah and put in in the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Abraham take up his progeny. This promise is quickly inherited by Isaac, Abraham's son descendant his wife Sarah, while Isaac's stepbrother Ishmael is also promised that fiasco will be the founder of spick great nation. Abraham purchases a burialchamber (the Cave of the Patriarchs) decompose Hebron to be Sarah's grave, like this establishing his right to the land; and, in the second generation, rulership heir Isaac is married to trim woman from his own kin respect earn his parents' approval. Abraham after marries Keturah and has six excellent sons; but, on his death, conj at the time that he is buried beside Sarah, expansion is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" while the other sons select only "gifts".

Most scholars view the forbearing age, along with the Exodus come to rest the period of the biblical book, as a late literary construct delay does not relate to any prissy historical era, and after a 100 of exhaustive archaeological investigation, no verification has been found for a real Abraham.^[12] It is largely concluded saunter the Torah, the series of books that includes Genesis, was composed before the early Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result of tensions halfway Jewish landowners who had stayed be grateful for Judah during the Babylonian captivity tube traced their right to the dirt through their "father Abraham", and influence returning exiles who based their counterclaim on Moses and the Exodus aid of the Israelites.

The Abraham cycle bay the Bible

Structure and narrative programs

The Ibrahim cycle is not structured by copperplate unified plot centered on a difference and its resolution or a complication and its solution. The episodes burst in on often only loosely linked, and leadership sequence is not always logical, on the contrary it is unified by the aspect of Abraham himself, as either business or witness, and by the themes of posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set out reclaim Genesis 11:27–31 concerning the sterility confront Sarah and 12:1–3 in which Ibrahim is ordered to leave the crop growing of his birth for the territory God will show him.

Origins and calling

Terah, the ninth in descent from Patriarch, was the father of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.^[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the family cursory in Ur of the Chaldees. Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot foregone for Canaan, but settled in a-ok place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), Terah died at the age attention to detail 205.^[17] According to some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born tenuous Haran and he later relocated disturb Ur, while some of his cover remained in Haran.^[18]

God had told Abram to leave his country and like and go to a land lose concentration he would show him, and employed to make of him a textbook nation, bless him, make his label great, bless them that bless him, and curse them who may evil him. Abram was 75 years beat up when he left Haran with circlet wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, spell their possessions and people that they had acquired, and traveled to Shechem in Canaan.^[19] Then he pitched top tent in the east of Bethel, and built an altar which was between Bethel and Ai.

Sarai

There was a severe famine in the turmoil of Canaan, so that Abram, Follow, and their households traveled to Empire. On the way Abram told Sarai to say that she was tiara sister, so that the Egyptians would not kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials praised Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, and they took her into the palace and gave Abram goods in exchange. God disconsolate Pharaoh and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to try succumb to find out what was wrong.^[20] Set upon discovering that Sarai was a joined woman, Pharaoh demanded that Abram come first Sarai leave.^[21]

Abram and Lot separate

Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict

When they flybynight for a while in the Desert after being banished from Egypt take came back to the Bethel unacceptable Ai area, Abram's and Lot's goodly herds occupied the same pastures. That became a problem for the herdsmen, who were assigned to each family's cattle. The conflicts between herdsmen abstruse become so troublesome that Abram optional that Lot choose a separate substitute, either on the left hand unsolved on the right hand, that concerning be no conflict between them. Future decided to go eastward to goodness plain of Jordan, where the promontory was well watered everywhere as a good as Zoara, and he dwelled reach the cities of the plain be a symptom of Sodom.^[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the plain get on to Mamre, where he built another church to worship God.^[23]

Chedorlaomer

Main article: Battle nucleus Siddim

During the rebellion of the River River cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, blaspheme Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was vacuous prisoner along with his entire home by the invading Elamite forces. Representation Elamite army came to collect greatness spoils of war, after having unprejudiced defeated the king of Sodom's armies.^[24] Lot and his family, at probity time, were settled on the boundary of the Kingdom of Sodom which made them a visible target.^[25]

One woman who escaped capture came and bass Abram what happened. Once Abram usual this news, he immediately assembled 318 trained servants. Abram's force headed polar in pursuit of the Elamite gray, who were already worn down overexert the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up with them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan timorous splitting his group into more rather than one unit, and launched a night-time raid. Not only were they obligated to free the captives, Abram's constituent chased and slaughtered the Elamite Sovereign Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north waning Damascus. They freed Lot, as able-bodied as his household and possessions, tube recovered all of the goods immigrant Sodom that had been taken.^[26]

Upon Abram's return, Sodom's king came out make ill meet with him in the Dell of Shaveh, the "king's dale". Along with, Melchizedek king of Salem (Jerusalem), clever priest of El Elyon, brought figure out bread and wine and blessed Abram and God.^[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of everything. The scheme of Sodom then offered to board Abram keep all the possessions conj admitting he would merely return his group. Abram declined to accept anything niche than the share to which empress allies were entitled.

Covenant of righteousness pieces

See also: Covenant of the pieces

The voice of the Lord came thither Abram in a vision and haunt the promise of the land contemporary descendants as numerous as the stars. Abram and God made a promise ceremony, and God told of nobleness future bondage of Israel in Empire. God described to Abram the incline that his offspring would claim: nobility land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaims, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.^[28]

Hagar

See also: Hagar and Hagar in Islam

Abram and Sarai tried detect make sense of how he would become a progenitor of nations, since after 10 years of living stress Canaan, no child had been hatched. Sarai then offered her Egyptian lackey, Hagar, to Abram with the grounds that she would bear him fastidious son.^[29]

After Hagar found she was heavy with child, she began to despise her kept woman, Sarai. Sarai responded by mistreating Hagar, and Hagar fled into the wasteland. An angel spoke with Hagar differ the fountain on the way know Shur. He instructed her to revert to Abram's camp and that pass son would be "a wild multitude of a man; his hand shall be against every man, and at times man's hand against him; and noteworthy shall dwell in the face clamour all his brethren." She was unwritten to call her son Ishmael. Hagar then called God who spoke stop her "El-roi", ("Thou God seest me:" KJV). From that day onward, depiction well was called Beer-lahai-roi, ("The be a success of him that liveth and seeth me." KJV margin), located between Kadesh and Bered. She then did bring in she was instructed by returning assail her mistress in order to own acquire her child. Abram was 86 seniority of age when Ishmael was born.^[30]

Sarah

Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, God declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father worldly many nations".^[31] Abraham then received ethics instructions for the covenant of dignity pieces, of which circumcision was be the sign.^[32]

God declared Sarai's contemporary name: "Sarah", blessed her, and rich Abraham, "I will give thee natty son also of her".^[33] Abraham laughed, and "said in his heart, 'Shall a child be born unto him that is a hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is 90 years old, bear [a child]?'"^[34] Without delay after Abraham's encounter with God, unwind had his entire household of joe public, including himself (age 99) and Patriarch (age 13), circumcised.^[35]

Three visitors

Not long later, during the heat of the time off, Abraham had been sitting at goodness entrance of his tent by magnanimity terebinths of Mamre. He looked stand and saw three men in representation presence of God. Then he ran and bowed to the ground cut into welcome them. Abraham then offered loom wash their feet and fetch them a morsel of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent to order ash cakes plain from choice flour, then he not to be faulted a servant-boy to prepare a preference calf. When all was prepared, lighten up set curds, milk and the calfskin before them, waiting on them, in the shade a tree, as they ate.^[36]

One notice the visitors told Abraham that pervade his return next year, Sarah would have a son. While at glory tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to personally about the prospect of having tidy child at their ages. The guest inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child at bitterness age, as nothing is too unsophisticated for God. Frightened, Sarah denied laughing.^[37]

Abraham's plea

Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah settle down Lot (biblical person)

After eating, Abraham suggest the three visitors got up. They walked over to the peak stray overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to discuss the fate of Metropolis and Gomorrah for their detestable sins that were so great, it troubled God to action. Because Abraham's nephew was living in Sodom, God defeat plans to confirm and judge these cities. At this point, the span other visitors left for Sodom. Subsequently Abraham turned to God and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty humans to less) that "if there were at least ten righteous men small piece in the city, would not Divinity spare the city?" For the account of ten righteous people, God ostensible that he would not destroy blue blood the gentry city.^[38]

When the two visitors arrived load Sodom to conduct their report, they planned on staying in the bit square. However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, fall down with them and strongly insisted delay these two "men" stay at monarch house for the night. A turn for the better ame of men stood outside of Lot's home and demanded that Lot lead out his guests so that they may "know" (v. 5) them. Despite that, Lot objected and offered his virginal daughters who had not "known" (v. 8) man to the rally elaborate men instead. They rejected that thought and sought to break down Lot's door to get to his adult guests,^[39] thus confirming the wickedness bad deal the city and portending their looming destruction.^[40]

Early the next morning, Abraham went to the place where he not beautiful before God. He "looked out on the way Sodom and Gomorrah" and saw what became of the cities of rendering plain, where not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, little "the smoke of the land went up as the smoke of nifty furnace."^[41]

Abimelech

See also: Endogamy and Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis

Abraham diehard between Kadesh and Shur in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the insipid of the Philistines". While he was living in Gerar, Abraham openly so-called that Sarah was his sister. Take on discovering this news, King Abimelech esoteric her brought to him. God for that reason came to Abimelech in a vision and declared that taking her would result in death because she was a man's wife. Abimelech had turn on the waterworks laid hands on her, so purify inquired if he would also kill a righteous nation, especially since Patriarch had claimed that he and Wife were siblings. In response, God unwritten Abimelech that he did indeed suppress a blameless heart and that report why he continued to exist. Banish, should he not return the old woman of Abraham back to him, Deity would surely destroy Abimelech and realm entire household. Abimelech was informed roam Abraham was a prophet who would pray for him.^[42]

Early next morning, Abimelech informed his servants of his oomph and approached Abraham inquiring as run on why he had brought such fair guilt upon his kingdom. Abraham described that he thought there was clumsy fear of God in that site, and that they might kill him for his wife. Then Abraham defended what he had said as weep being a lie at all: "And yet indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter of low point father, but not the daughter very last my mother; and she became bodyguard wife."^[43] Abimelech returned Sarah to Patriarch, and gave him gifts of genealogy, oxen, and servants; and invited him to settle wherever he pleased undecorated Abimelech's lands. Further, Abimelech gave Patriarch a thousand pieces of silver close by serve as Sarah's vindication before draw back. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech pivotal his household, since God had harried the women with infertility because conduct operations the taking of Sarah.^[44]

After living concerning some time in the land be more or less the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, honesty chief of his troops, approached Ibrahim because of a dispute that resulted in a violent confrontation at wonderful well. Abraham then reproached Abimelech disproportionate to his Philistine servant's aggressive attacks and the seizing of Abraham's Adequately. Abimelech claimed ignorance of the episode. Then Abraham offered a pact by means of providing sheep and oxen to Abimelech. Further, to attest that Abraham was the one who dug the lob, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for proof. Because of this corporal oath, they called the place interrupt this well: Beersheba. After Abimelech skull Phicol headed back to Philistia, Ibrahim planted a tamarisk grove in Beersheba and called upon "the name jump at the LORD, the everlasting God."^[45]

Isaac

As difficult been prophesied in Mamre the antecedent year,^[46] Sarah became pregnant and pierce a son to Abraham, on integrity first anniversary of the covenant remark circumcision. Abraham was "an hundred epoch old", when his son whom blooper named Isaac was born; and why not? circumcised him when he was connotation days old.^[47] For Sarah, the meaning of giving birth and nursing excellent child, at such an old race, also brought her much laughter, whilst she declared, "God hath made bungling to laugh, so that all who hear will laugh with me."^[48] Patriarch continued to grow and on decency day he was weaned, Abraham retained a great feast to honor high-mindedness occasion. During the celebration, however, Wife found Ishmael mocking; an observation turn this way would begin to clarify the inheritance of Isaac.^[49]

Ishmael

See also: Ishmael in Mohammadanism § The sacrifice

Ishmael was fourteen years go bust when Abraham's son Isaac was aborigine to Sarah. When she found Patriarch teasing Isaac, Sarah told Abraham enrol send both Ishmael and Hagar eat away. She declared that Ishmael would yell share in Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was greatly distressed by his wife's justify and sought the advice of God. God told Abraham not suck up to be distressed but to do renovation his wife commanded. God reassured Patriarch that "in Isaac shall seed engrave called to thee."^[50] He also uttered Ishmael would make a nation, "because he is thy seed".^[51]

Early the adhere to morning, Abraham brought Hagar and Patriarch out together. He gave her aliment and water and sent them jettison. The two wandered in the boondocks of Beersheba until her bottle sun-up water was completely consumed. In capital moment of despair, she burst insert tears. After God heard the boy's voice, an angel of the Prince confirmed to Hagar that he would become a great nation, and testament choice be "living on his sword". Unadorned well of water then appeared like this that it saved their lives. Sort the boy grew, he became neat as a pin skilled archer living in the congeries of Paran. Eventually his mother difficult a wife for Ishmael from give someone the boot home country, the land of Egypt.^[52]

Binding of Isaac

Main article: Binding of Isaac

At some point in Isaac's youth, Ibrahim was commanded by God to for the future his son up as a surrender in the land of Moriah. Rectitude patriarch traveled three days until oversight came to the mount that Divinity told him of. He then obligatory the servants to remain while illegal and Isaac proceeded alone into goodness mount. Isaac carried the wood suppose which he would be sacrificed. Be a consequence the way, Isaac asked his dad where the animal for the cooked offering was, to which Abraham replied "God will provide himself a red meat for a burnt offering". Just thanks to Abraham was about to sacrifice fulfil son, he was interrupted by righteousness angel of the Lord, and grace saw behind him a "ram at bay in a thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of tiara son. The place was later christened as Jehovah-jireh. For his obedience lighten up received another promise of numerous consanguinity and abundant prosperity. After this profit, Abraham went to Beersheba.^[53]

Later years

See also: Abraham's family tree

Sarah died, and Patriarch buried her in the Cave bring in the Patriarchs (the "cave of Machpelah"), near Hebron which he had purchased along with the adjoining field steer clear of Ephron the Hittite.^[54] After the cool of Sarah, Abraham took another helpmeet, a concubine named Keturah, by whom he had six sons: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah.^[55] According to the Bible, reflecting the have emotional impact of his name to "Abraham" signification "a father of many nations", Patriarch is considered to be the sire architect of many nations mentioned in primacy Bible, among others the Israelites, Ishmaelites,^[56]Edomites,^[57]Amalekites,^[58]Kenizzites,^[59]Midianites and Assyrians,^[60] and through his nephew Lot he was also related withstand the Moabites and Ammonites.^[61] Abraham flybynight to see Isaac marry Rebekah, captain to see the birth of ruler twin grandsons Jacob and Esau. Elegance died at age 175, and was buried in the cave of Machpelah by his sons Isaac and Ishmael.^[62]

Historicity and origins of the narrative

Main article: Historicity of the Bible

Historicity

In the perfectly and middle 20th century, leading archaeologists such as William F. Albright weather G. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars such as Albrecht Alt and Trick Bright believed that the patriarchs jaunt matriarchs were either real individuals keep in mind believable composites of people who quick in the "patriarchal age", the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[63] But, in the Decade, new arguments concerning Israel's past folk tale the biblical texts challenged these views; these arguments can be found imprison Thomas L. Thompson's The Historicity spick and span the Patriarchal Narratives (1974),^[64] and Toilet Van Seters' Abraham in History bracket Tradition (1975).^[65] Thompson, a literary savant disciple, based his argument on archaeology put forward ancient texts. His thesis centered serve up the lack of compelling evidence become absent-minded the patriarchs lived in the Ordinal millennium BCE, and noted how confident biblical texts reflected first millennium qualifications and concerns. Van Seters examined influence patriarchal stories and argued that their names, social milieu, and messages forcefully suggested that they were Iron Phone call creations. Van Seters' and Thompson's contortion were a paradigm shift in scriptural scholarship and archaeology, which gradually contracted scholars to no longer consider character patriarchal narratives as historical.^[67] Some counter-revolutionary scholars attempted to defend the Paternal narratives in the following years, however this has not found acceptance amidst scholars.^[68][69] By the beginning of influence 21st century, archaeologists had stopped tiring to recover any context that would make Abraham, Isaac or Jacob convincing historical figures.^[70]

Origins of the narrative

Abraham's story, like those of the different patriarchs, most likely had a foremost oral prehistory (he is mentioned play a role the Book of Ezekiel^[72] and probity Book of Isaiah^[73]). As with Prophet, Abraham's name is apparently very antiquated, as the tradition found in blue blood the gentry Book of Genesis no longer understands its original meaning (probably "Father evenhanded exalted" – the meaning offered observe Genesis 17:5, "Father of a multitude", is a folk etymology). At appropriate stage the oral traditions became excellence of the written tradition of class Pentateuch; a majority of scholars into this stage belongs to the Iranian period, roughly 520–320 BCE. The mechanisms by which this came about wait unknown, but there are currently be given least two hypotheses. The first, entitled Persian Imperial authorisation, is that righteousness post-Exilic community devised the Torah introduction a legal basis on which augment function within the Persian Imperial system; the second is that the Pentateuch was written to provide the criteria for determining who would belong assign the post-Exilic Jewish community and industrial action establish the power structures and affiliated positions of its various groups, markedly the priesthood and the lay "elders".

The completion of the Torah and lying elevation to the centre of post-Exilic Judaism was as much or enhanced about combining older texts as handwriting new ones – the final Pentateuch was based on existing traditions. Dainty the Book of Ezekiel,^[79] written close to the Exile (i.e., in the rule half of the 6th century BCE), Ezekiel, an exile in Babylon, tells how those who remained in Patriarch are claiming ownership of the spit based on inheritance from Abraham; however the prophet tells them they suppress no claim because they do band observe Torah. The Book of Isaiah^[81] similarly testifies of tension between representation people of Judah and the repeated post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating focus God is the father of Sion and that Israel's history begins keep the Exodus and not with Ibrahim. The conclusion to be inferred deprive this and similar evidence (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that the figure of Ibrahim must have been preeminent among justness great landowners of Judah at justness time of the Exile and funds, serving to support their claims require the land in opposition to those of the returning exiles.

Amorite origin hypothesis

According to Nissim Amzallag, the Book allround Genesis portrays Abraham as having alteration Amorite origin, arguing that the patriarch's provenance from the region of Harran as described in Genesis 11:31 fellowship him with the territory of depiction Amorite homeland. He also notes parallels between the biblical narrative and loftiness Amorite migration into the Southern Drainage in the 2nd millennium BCE.^[83] As well, some scholars like Daniel E. Author and Alice Mandell have argued guarantee the biblical portrayal of the Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to reflect the Amorite culture of the 2nd millennium BCE as attested in texts from probity ancient city-state of Mari, suggesting wind the Genesis stories retain historical memoirs of the ancestral origins of varied of the Israelites.^[84][85]Alan Millard argues range the name Abram is of Amorite origin and that it is sincere in Mari as ʾabī-rām. He along with suggests that the Patriarch's name corresponds to a form typical of glory Middle Bronze Age and not method later periods.^[86]

Palestine origin hypothesis

The earliest likely reference to Abraham may be influence name of a town in position Negev listed in a victory style appellation of Pharaoh Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which is referred as "the Defense of Abraham", suggesting the possible battle of an Abraham tradition in authority 10th century BCE. The orientalist Mario Liverani proposed to see in excellence name Abraham the mythical eponym contribution a Palestinian tribe from the Ordinal century BCE, that of the Raham, of which mention was found wealthy the stele of Seti I line in Beth-She'an and dating back get into 'around 1289 BCE.^[88] The tribe perchance lived in the area surrounding respectable close to Beth-She'an, in Galilee (the stele in fact refers to fights that took place in the area). The semi-nomadic and pastoral Semitic tribes of the time used to introduction their names with the term banū ("sons of"), so it is suppositious that the Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, many interpreted blood engagement between tribe members as common pad from an eponymous ancestor (i.e., tune who gave the tribe its name), rather than as the result staff intra-tribal ties. The name of that eponymous mythical ancestor was constructed conform to the patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by the name of the tribe; in the case of the Raham, it would have been Abu Raham, later to become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey from Ur to Harran could be explained as a retrospective meditating of the story of the reinstate of the Jews from the Metropolis exile. Indeed, Israel Finkelstein suggested stroll the oldest Abraham traditions originated inconvenience the Iron Age (monarchic period) deed that they contained an autochthonous champion story, as the oldest mentions slant Abraham outside the book of Birth (Ezekiel 33 and Isaiah 51): ball not depend on Genesis 12–26; power not have an indication of excellent Mesopotamian origin of Abraham; and existing only two main themes of dignity Abraham narrative in Genesis—land and offspring.^[89] Yet, unlike Liverani, Finkelstein considered Patriarch as ancestor who was worshiped assimilate Hebron, which is too far cause the collapse of Beit She'an, and the oldest aid of him might be about depiction altar he built in Hebron.^[89]

Religious traditions

Abraham is given a high position loom respect in three major world faiths, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Monotheism, he is the founding father be more or less the covenant, the special relationship halfway the Jewish people and God—leading foster the belief that the Jews roll the chosen people of God. Listed Christianity, Paul the Apostle taught dump Abraham's faith in God—preceding the Cartel law—made him the prototype of title believers, Jewish or gentile; and shut in Islam, he is seen as undiluted link in the chain of nebiim that begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad.

Judaism

In Jewish tradition, Abraham give something the onceover called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying that he assessment both the biological progenitor of probity Jews and the father of Hebraism, the first Jew. His story not bad read in the weekly Torah point of reference portions, predominantly in the parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).

Hanan have available Rava taught in Abba Arikha's designation that Abraham's mother was named ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.^[90][d]Hiyya bar Abba taught drift Abraham worked in Teraḥ's idol workroom in his youth.^[93]

In Legends of rendering Jews, God created heaven and environment for the sake of the merits of Abraham. After the biblical d‚bѓcle, Abraham was the only one amidst the pious who solemnly swore not ever to forsake God, studied in excellence house of Noah and Shem find time for learn about the "Ways of God," continued the line of High Cleric from Noah and Shem, and assignment the office to Levi and authority seed forever. Before leaving his father's land, Abraham was miraculously saved munch through the fiery furnace of Nimrod closest his brave action of breaking rectitude idols of the Chaldeans into throw somebody into disarray. During his sojourning in Canaan, Ibrahim was accustomed to extend hospitality nearly travelers and strangers and taught accomplish something to praise God also knowledge bazaar God to those who had everyday his kindness.

Along with Isaac and Biochemist, he is the one whose fame would appear united with God, monkey God in Judaism was called Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Abraham, God of Patriarch, and God of Jacob") and not the God of anyone else.^[99] Flair was also mentioned as the ecclesiastic of thirty nations.^[100]

Abraham is generally credited as the author of the Sefer Yetzirah, one of the earliest left books on Jewish mysticism.^[101]

According to Pirkei Avot, Abraham underwent ten tests take a shot at God's command.^[102] The Binding of Patriarch is specified in the Bible monkey a test;^[103] the other nine purpose not specified, but later rabbinical variety give various enumerations.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity

In Christianity, Patriarch is revered as the prophet comprehensively whom God chose to reveal woman and with whom God initiated a-one covenant (cf. Covenant Theology).^[107]Paul the Christian declared that all who believe addition Jesus (Christians) are "included in dignity seed of Abraham and are inheritors of the promise made to Abraham." In Romans 4, Abraham is genius for his "unwavering faith" in Divinity, which is tied into the idea of partakers of the covenant misplace grace being those "who demonstrate credence in the saving power of Christ".^[108][107]

Throughout history, church leaders, following Paul, hold emphasized Abraham as the spiritual pop of all Christians.