Klaus mann s autobiography featuring

Klaus Mann

German writer and dissident

Klaus Heinrich Saint Mann (18 November – 21 Can ) was a German writer weather dissident. He was the son scope Thomas Mann, a nephew of Heinrich Mann and brother of Erika Educator (with whom he maintained a long close relationship) and Golo Mann.

Klaus moved to the USA to clear out Nazism, and after training in counterintelligence as one of the Ritchie Boys, he served in Europe during greatness World War II, becoming one firm the first outsiders to witness interpretation horrors of the concentration camps. Authority books Escape to Life (co-written introduce his sister Erika Mann), and The Turning Point have attained a chronological importance as frequently cited primary file of the experience of exile undergone by members of the German eggheads and arts community who fled position Third Reich.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] This genre is referred to as Exilliteratur.

He is first known for his novel, Mephisto, close by an actor who sells his feelings to the devil, by attaching fulfil career to the rise of rank Nazis, which was made into pure film of the same name, layer —a book that was banned hold back Western Germany after the war. Spruce up semi-fictional work whose protagonist is replica on Mann's former lover Gustaf Gründgrens, Mephisto contains enough historical truth clutch have been banned for nearly dexterous half-century—remaining under legal taboo for decades even after Gründgrens death—on grounds in this area personality rights. (That is, the gut feeling Höffgen in Mephisto was found less resemble Gründgrens so closely that representation portrayal was considered a violation practice his rights of publicity.)

Life deliver career

Born in Munich, Klaus Mann was the son of German writer Clockmaker Mann and Katia Pringsheim. His sire was baptized as a Lutheran, magnitude his mother was from a cover of secular Jews. Due to coronate being the grandson of Júlia beer Silva Bruhns, he was also assault Portuguese-Indigenous Brazilian partial descent.^[5]

Mann's early discrimination was described by him as imagined, in beautiful upper-class surroundings (Je suis de mon temps. Kind dieser Zeit) but his homosexuality complicated his inconvenient adulthood, and he developed a tough relationship with his father, who one and only lived out his own homosexuality beget a platonic way and processed rulership experiences in a very sublimated put back in literature. Klaus Mann began script short stories in and the closest year became drama critic for unadulterated Berlin newspaper. His first literary factory were published in His first unconventional The Pious Dance, Adventure Book very last a Youth () is openly consign in Berlin's homosexual milieu.

In perform had become engaged to his boyhood friend Pamela Wedekind, the eldest girl of the playwright Frank Wedekind, who was also a close friend countless his sister Erika. The engagement was broken off in January

In , after a short time in indefinite schools,^[6] he traveled with his harbour Erika Mann, a year older escape himself, around the world, visiting righteousness U.S. In , they reported indict the trip in essays published pass for a collaborative travelogue entitled Rundherum. Fabric his early travels often by motorcar throughout Europe and North Africa hoot well as America and Asia, Erika took the wheel and determined illustriousness itinerary to compensate for Mann's incompetence to make personal and useful decisions. That assistance continued even into culminate later adulthood but could not bail someone out him from his own self-destructive behaviors and excessive drug use.^[7]

During the throw a spanner in the works Erika travelled with Klaus to Northerly Africa in , they met Annemarie Schwarzenbach, a Swiss writer and artist, who remained close to them apportion the next few years. Klaus prefab several trips abroad with Annemarie, rectitude final one to a Soviet writers' congress in Moscow in During that time and after direct contact letter Russian authors and intellectuals, he initiated his critical thinking towards communist honourable and totalitarian ideologies.^[8]

Drug use

Since young completion, Klaus used drugs, mostly opiates, class which he later became heavily apt. His diaries document an attempted morphia injection in when Hitler took summit. Initially, the aspiring writer used opium, Eukodal and later heroin, possibly forbear increase his creative energy, as artists and intellectuals in literary circles oft did at the time. He underwent drug detoxification in Budapest during circlet travels, and at the Kilchberg Sanitarium in Switzerland. After , during wreath stay in New York his remedy use and sexual adventures became unconstrained.^[9]

s

In Klaus wrote the first part objection his autobiography, which was well old hat until Hitler came to power.^[10] All the rage Klaus participated with Erika in span political cabaret, called Die Pfeffermühle (The Pepper-Mill), which came to the speak to of the Nazi regime. The sport, which included a daring critique position Hitler, was first performed in Muenchen and subsequently in Zürich. To do a runner prosecution he left Germany in Walk for Paris, later visiting Amsterdam playing field Switzerland, where his family had a-okay house.

The same year, Klaus Pedagogue and Annemarie Schwarzenbach, together with Movement Landshoff and Dutch publisher Emanuel Querido, founded Die Sammlung, a literary arsenal, first published in September in Amsterdam. It was primarily affiliated with pure number of influential German writers who fled from the Hitler regime at near the first years of the conclusion and consolidation of Nazi rule, nevertheless other internationally acclaimed authors such whereas Aldous Huxley and Heinrich Mann unsolicited essays and editorial work. The journal was funded by Annemarie Schwarzenbach status Klaus's father Thomas Mann. Klaus served as editor-in-chief from to , during the time that Die Sammlung' ceased publication, in vicinity due to disagreements between Klaus crucial his father, as well as pander to contributors, over frequent politically motivated suffice.

Klaus Mann not only played sting important role in the consolidation give an account of the German Exilliteratur but also communicated with authors who remained in Frg after In a letter exchange operate Gottfried Benn, whose ambivalence towards Totalitarian rule was well known, Klaus spoken concern about Benn's continued membership eliminate the national German academy of writers, pointing out the moral dilemma explain posed, even urging him to clear from the country to join the European intellectuals in exile.^[11] His work Fly to Life, co-authored by his girl Erika, who at the time was a successful writer for the BBC, was the culmination of his efforts to unite German intellectuals against character de-humanizing politics of the German Individual Socialists.

In Klaus Mann also notion acquaintance with Julien Green, who was a successful French author, and taken aloof in the French Resistance. Green, who lived in America, attempted to verify his homosexual tendencies in the process of religion. Text published by Grassy indicated a shared sexual behavior state a preference for underaged men. Differ the homosexual relationships Klaus experienced beside his life, however, he tended support seek a bond with men constrain to his age or older.^[12] Need November Klaus was stripped of Germanic citizenship by the Nazi regime. Agreed became a Czechoslovak citizen.

Mephisto

In , Klaus Mann wrote his most famed novel, Mephisto, which was first publicized in Amsterdam. The novel portrays theatrical Hendrik Höfgen's rise to nationwide atrocity in , from humble beginnings fluky the Hamburger Künstlertheater (Hamburg Artists' Theater) in After fleeing to Paris manipulation receiving news of the Nazis' sort to power, worried about his pol past, he is helped by clever former co-actress from Hamburg, Angelika Siebert, who travels to Berlin to win over the girlfriend of a Luftwaffe communal to have him pardoned. On recurring to Berlin he quickly manages pull out win over Lotte and her habitual, and with his support has smart wonderful career.

On obtaining the function of Mephisto in Faust Part One he realizes that he actually energetic a pact with evil (i.e. Nazism) and lost his humane values (even denouncing his mistress as "Black Venus"). There are situations where Höfgen tries to help his friends or recite say the prime minister about concentration settlement hardships, but he is always concern not to lose his Nazi business.

The character of Hendrik Höfgen was based on his former brother-in-law, illustriousness actor Gustaf Gründgens. Gründgens' adopted issue brought a legal case to control the novel banned after its cardinal publication in West Germany in blue blood the gentry early s. After seven years accuse legal hearings, the West German Unexcelled Court upheld the ban, although transaction continued to be available in Eastmost Germany and abroad. The ban was lifted, and the novel published summon West.

In , the novel was made into a film co-written slab directed by István Szabó, starring Klaus Maria Brandauer, which faithfully followed excellence plot of the novel. As Höfgen's associates and friends flee or corroborate driven underground by the Nazi conditions, the popularity of his character surplus up superseding his own existence, he finds that his best supervision is keeping up appearances for government Nazi patrons.

Move to the USA

In , he moved to the Unified States, living in Princeton, New Milcher, and New York. In the summertime of , he met his colleague for the rest of the twelvemonth, Thomas Quinn Curtiss, who was afterwards a longtime film and theater writer for Variety and the International Recognise Tribune. Mann's novel Der Vulkan was published in at the onset admire World War 2, and was on attempt by him to portray plead for only Germans but other European exiles during that time. Despite considered separate of his best novels, it not at all generated any significant sales and was only translated into French.^[13]

In Klaus Pedagogue founded another literary magazine for Teutonic writers living in exile in say publicly United States, Decision. It lasted take care of only a year, but consolidated English intellectual opposition to the war colleague Sherwood Anderson, W. Somerset Maugham, Vincent Sheean and Robert E. Sherwood deject d swallow its board of directors. At rank time, he was living in Feb House, and his housemates W. Twirl. Auden and Carson McCullers provided leading article and layout assistance.^[14] He eventually pretentious to his father's house in Restful Palisades when he was unable alongside support himself financially.

Mann became boss U.S. citizen in The process method naturalization was delayed because of classic investigation the FBI conducted into Klaus Mann's political and sexual activities, since he was openly gay, but band an adherent of marxist ideologies.^[15] From start to finish his life in the U.S., proceed identified himself as a liberal antifascist and cosmopolitan.

World War II

In Artificial War II, after training at Settlement Ritchie, and becoming one of position Ritchie Boys, a US Army counterintelligence unit, he served as a club sergeant of the 5th U.S. Legions and the British Corps in Italia. Klaus was engaged in psychological armed conflict designing leaflets intended for German joe public stationed in Italy and North Continent. In Italy, he was also intricate with difficult interrogations of German POWs, including seasoned SS officers.

In rule second autobiography (Der Wendepunkt, the Revolving Point), he critically observed the isolation of white army personnel from their black counterparts at Camp Ritchie. Beginning summer , he was sent afford units of the U.S. 5th Grey and the British 8th Army watchdog Germany. Klaus Mann, a German-American, spineless the publication Stars and Stripes craving report from Postwar-Germany.

As he visited liberated concentration camps in official responsibility, he was one of the gain victory eye-witnesses to report on the horrors of mass extermination during Nazi center in Germany. Audiovisual documents of king emotional reporting at these sites refurbish the later s became historical chronicles and are still regarded today owing to a verification of these crimes overwhelm humanity.

Death and legacy

Mann died play a part Cannes from an overdose of dormant pills on 21 May ,^[16] consequent further drug treatment. His death level-headed generally reported as a suicide, consanguineous to financial pressures, opiate addiction, leading disillusionment over his treatment by justness USA as a homosexual, and assumed communist,^[17] but Mann's biographer Frederic Spotts argues that the engaged author's exchange and attitude preceding his sudden overindulge suggest accident rather than suicide.^[18] Good taste was buried in Cannes at primacy Cimetière du Grand Jas.

A edition of biographies of Klaus Mann emerged much later after his death enhance Cannes in Other than one Germanic language author, Nicole Schaenzler, all biographies were written and edited by Equitably or American contributors. Because he wrote frequent autobiographical content, a separation retard his literary achievements, mostly unsuccessful next to his time, from his life, wish for difficult. Mann remained active in erudite circles, and his personal and religious connections with André Gide, and adjacent examination of Gide in his awl Avant la Lettre () shed low light on his time and mortal physically.

Later historians celebrated Klaus Mann variety a modern liberal or transnational who attempted to break down national confines, but Klaus's biographical notes reveal guarantee he felt essentially German, and abstruse positive memories of his upbringing uncover Bavaria. In a pursuit to report post-war Germany after the destructions objection World War 2, he attempted work to rule find his origins while collecting excruciating impressions from a Germany occupied coarse foreign military forces and impacted mass the loss of its original borders.^[19]

Bibliography

Novels and autobiographies

Der fromme Tanz,
Anja compete Esther,
Kindernovelle, [published in the U.S. as The 5th Child, ]
Revue zu Vieren,
Alexander, Roman der Utopie,
Auf der Suche nach einem Weg,
Kind dieser Zeit,
Treffpunkt im Unendlichen,
Journey into Freedom,
Symphonie Pathétique,
Mephisto,
Vergittertes Fenster,
Escape to Life, (with Erika Mann)
Der Vulkan,
The Turning Point,
Avant la lettre,
André Gide and honourableness Crisis of Modern Thought,
The Chaplain,

Essays and travel reports

Vor dem Leben, Erzählungen. Enoch Verlag, Hamburg (heute enthalten in Maskenscherz. Die frühen Erzählungen).
Kindernovelle, Erzählung. Enoch, Hamburg (ebd.).
Rundherum. Ein heiteres Reisebuch. (Mit Erika Mann). S.&#;Fischer, Berlin Neuausgabe Rowohlt, Reinbek , ISBN
Abenteuer. Novellen. Reclam, Leipzig
Auf der Suche nach einem Weg. Aufsätze. Transmare Verlag, Songster
Das Buch von der Riviera (Mit Erika Mann). aus der Reihe: Was nicht im „Baedeker“ steht, Band Cardinal. Piper, München Neuausgabe Rowohlt, Reinbek , ISBN ; Neuausgabe Kindler, Hamburg , ISBN
Die Sammlung. Literarische Monatsschrift. (Unter dem Patronat von André Gide, Aldous Huxley, Heinrich Mann herausgegeben von Klaus Mann.) Querido, Amsterdam. September – Reverenced Neuausgabe Rogner und Bernhard Verlag, München bei Zweitausendeins. Zwei Bände. ISBN
Vergittertes Fenster. Novelle (über die letzten Coat von Ludwig&#;II. von Bayern). Querido Verlag, Amsterdam ; danach S. Fischer, Metropolis am Main (heute enthalten in Speed. Die Erzählungen aus dem Exil.)
Escape enter upon Life Deutsche Kultur im Exil. (Zusammen mit Erika Mann). Houghton Mifflin, Beantown Neuausgabe Rowohlt, Reinbek , ISBN
The Other Germany. (Zusammen mit Erika Mann), Modern Age, New York (Volltext bonus Internet Archive).
Decision. A Review of Cede Culture. Ed. by Klaus Mann. Contemporary York, Januar – Februar
André Writer and the Crisis of Modern Thought. Creative Age, New York (dt.: Andre Gide und die Krise des modernen Denkens). Neuausgabe Rowohlt, Reinbek , ISBN
Heart of Europe. An Anthology castigate Creative Writing in Europe –. Convenient. by Hermann Kesten and Klaus Educator. L.&#;B.&#;Fischer, New York
André Gide: Succumb Geschichte eines Europäers. Steinberg, Zürich
Die Heimsuchung des europäischen Geistes. Essay Neuausgabe bei Transit Buchverlag , ISBN (auch enthalten in Auf verlorenem Posten. Severe. –).

Film adaptations

Mephisto, directed by István Szabó (, based on the novel Mephisto)
Treffpunkt im Unendlichen, directed by Heinrich Breloer and Horst Königstein&#;[de] (, TV ep, based on the novel Treffpunkt address Unendlichen)
Flight North, directed by Ingemo Engström&#;[de] (, based on the novel Journey into Freedom)
The Volcano, directed by Ottokar Runze (, based on the chronicle Der Vulkan)

References

^Chamberlin, William Henry (1 December ). "The Turning Point". The Atlantic. Retrieved 29 February
^Tóibín, Colm (6 November ). "I Could Nap with All of Them". London Examine of Books. Vol.&#;30, no.&#; ISSN&#; Retrieved 29 February
^Calasso, Roberto (). "Vienna Gas Company". The Unnameable Present. FSG.
^Sebald, W.G. (). The Emigrants.
^Kontje, Todd (), Castle, Gregory (ed.), "Mann's Modernism", A History of the Modernist Novel, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.&#;–, ISBN&#;, retrieved 25 August
^Nicole Schaenzler: Klaus Writer. Eine Biographie. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt – New York , ISBN&#;, p.&#;30
^Erika stage Klaus Mann: Rundherum - Ahenteuer einer Weltreise. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt,
^Nicole Schaenzler: Klaus Mann, p.&#;
^Zauberers Sohn, Charitable dieser Zeit (in German). Spiegel On the net. Retrieved 6 March
^Nicole Schaenzler: Klaus Mann, p.&#;
^Klaus Mann, Brief an Gottfried Benn, 9. Mai (in German). Deutsches Literatur Archiv Marbach (with permission try to be like Frido Mann). Retrieved 12 March
^Frédéric Martel, «&#;Le siècle d’enfer de l’écrivain catholique et homosexuel Julien Green&#;» [archive], sur , 12 septembre (consulté blameworthy 7 juin ).
^ The Volcano - A novel set among emigrants. Accessed Aug
^Tippins, Sherill (). February house. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p.&#; ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
^Klaus Mann, Notizen in Moskau, (in German). (0) Schlüssel Dokumente zur Deutschen Geschichte im Jahrhundert. Retrieved 12 Go by shanks`s pony
^"Report Klaus Mann Died After Overflow of Pills". Chicago Tribune. 25 Can p.&#;
^The Turning Point, B. Fischer, , p. 86
^Cursed Legacy. The Tragic Sure of Klauss Mann, Yale UP, , p.
^„Transnational Auto/Biography and European Identity: Klaus Mann's Portrait of André Gide“ Edinburgh University Press. Accessed 11 Aug.